# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of

# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,

# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to

# [email protected] for general use in the future).  For more, please see

# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

#

# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),

# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).

#

# Gwillim Law writes that a good source

# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport

# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),

# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries

#

# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,

# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which

# I found in the UCLA library.

#

# For data circa 1899, a common source is:

# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.

# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359

#

# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:

# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.

# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)

#

# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is

# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

#

# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;

# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.

# Corrections are welcome!

#	     std  dst

#	     LMT	Local Mean Time

#	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time

#	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel

#	3:00 AST  ADT	Arabia*

#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran

#	4:00 GST	Gulf*

#	5:30 IST	India

#	7:00 ICT	Indochina, most times and locations*

#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)

#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)

#	8:00 CST	China

#	8:00 IDT	Indochina, 1943-45, 1947-55, 1960-75 (some locations)*

#	8:00 JWST	Western Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)*

#	9:00 JCST	Central Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)

#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)

#	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan

#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea

#	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time

#

# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.

# From Guy Harris:

# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as

# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental

# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -

# Worldwide Edition).  The names for time zones are guesses.

###############################################################################

# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S

Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-

Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-

Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-

Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-

Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule RussiaAsia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule RussiaAsia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	23:00	1:00	S

Rule RussiaAsia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	23:00	0	-

Rule RussiaAsia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S

Rule RussiaAsia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

Rule RussiaAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-

# Afghanistan

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890

			4:00	-	AFT	1945

			4:30	-	AFT

# Armenia

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)

# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then

# readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even

# when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz

# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST

# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that

# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,

# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.

# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):

# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to

# follow Russia's "old" rules.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):

# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,

# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html

#

# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the

# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of

# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.

# or

# (brief)

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2

			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time

			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s

			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence

			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24  2:00s

			4:00	-	AMT	1997

			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	2012 Mar 25  2:00s

			4:00	-	AMT

# Azerbaijan

# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):

# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997

# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	S

Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2

			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time

			4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s

			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence

			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSat 23:00

			4:00	-	AZT	1996     # Azerbaijan Time

			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997

			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT

# Bahrain

# Bangladesh

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):

# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce

# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30

#

# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16

# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html

#

# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from

# June

# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with

# crippling power crisis. "

#

# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if

# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):

# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between

# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.

#

# Some sources:

# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601

# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2

#

# Our wrap-up:

# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html

# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):

# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start

# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh

# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).

#

# No DST end date has been announced yet.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):

# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,

# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.

#

# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":

# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"

# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):

# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:

# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make

# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would

# "continue for an indefinite period."

#

# One of many places where it is published:

# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):

# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"

# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.

#

# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.

# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html

#

# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour

# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,

# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime

# Minister's Office last night..."

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):

# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"

# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time

# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S

Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890

			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?

			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time

			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep

			6:30	-	BURT	1951 Sep 30

			6:00	-	DACT	1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time

			6:00	-	BDT	2009

			6:00	Dhaka	BD%sT

# Bhutan

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu

			5:30	-	IST	1987 Oct

			6:00	-	BTT	# Bhutan Time

# British Indian Ocean Territory

# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the

# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.

# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;

# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which

# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907

			5:00	-	IOT	1996 # BIOT Time

			6:00	-	IOT

# Brunei

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan

			7:30	-	BNT	1933

			8:00	-	BNT

# Burma / Myanmar

# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880        # or Yangon

			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon Mean Time?

			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May    # Burma Time

			9:00	-	JST	1945 May  3

			6:30	-	MMT	# Myanmar Time

# Cambodia

# See Asia/Bangkok.

# China

# From Guy Harris:

# People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):

# No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though

# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the

# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China

# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of

# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.

#

# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too

# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for

# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):

#

#     1986 May 4 - Sept 14

#     1987 mid-April - ??

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):

# CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN

# CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10

# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):

# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight

# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began

# observing daylight saving time in 1986.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):

# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but

# this doesn't seem to be correct.  They also write that China observed summer

# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so

# go with them for DST rules as follows:

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D

Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S

Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	16	0:00	1:00	D

Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	D

Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	0:00	0	S

Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D

# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):

# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five

# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official

# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).

#

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):

# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the

# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county

# boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two

# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,

# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are

# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege

# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6

# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two

# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):

# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:

#

# (1)

# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)

# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC

# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology

# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)

# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was

# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the

# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not

# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar

# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued

# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the

# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it

# could well have ignored any such mandate.

#

# (2)

# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)

# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China

# [undated and unknown publication location]

# It says several things:

#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.

#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective

#     the official calendar book of 1914.

#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in

#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)

#     Observatory and set to local mean time.

#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.

#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)

#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it

#     became used by railways as well.

#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into

#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on

#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.

#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice

#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in

#     Japanese-occupied territory.

#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.

#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into

#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear

#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.

#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.

#

# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the

# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is

# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour

# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the

# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT+8.

#

# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but

# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.

# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and

# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.

# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice

# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:

#

# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT+8.5

# Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)

# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin

#

# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8

# Asia/Shanghai

# most of China

# This currently represents most other zones as well,

# as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.

# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.

# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT+8 "from the end of the 19th century".

#

# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) UT+7

# Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)

# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;

# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong

# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,

# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.

#

# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT+6

# Asia/Urumqi

# This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,

# as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.

# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;

# the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,

# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;

# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;

# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,

# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,

# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,

# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.

#

# Kunlun Time UT+5.5

# Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)

# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;

# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,

# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,

# and Yarkand.

# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):

# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in

# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,

# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on

# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese

# they implicitly use Beijing time.

#

# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the

# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two

# hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang

# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as

# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in

# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as

# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language

# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.

#

# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its

# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in

# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)

#

# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990

# or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with

# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same

# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and

# others moving their clocks ahead.)

# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):

# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common

# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):

#

# 1. Wulumuqi...

# 2. Kashi...

# 3. Urumqi...

# 4. Kashgar...

# ...

# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the

# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding

# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.

#

# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any

# start date for Xinjiang time.

#

# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally

# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur

# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also

# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)

# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):

# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:

# http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html

# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):

# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from

# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's

# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David

# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially

# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least

# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;

# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers

# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some

# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only

# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as

# having the same time as Beijing.

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):

# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT+6) but

# this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,

# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN

# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.

# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.

#

# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see

# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"

# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).

# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.

# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,

# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan

# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of

# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be

# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to

# XJT at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,

# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a