357 

   358 --------------------------------------------------------------------

   359 

   360                 GNU Free Documentation License

   361                   Version 1.2, November 2002

   362 

   363 

   364  Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   365      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

   366  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

   367  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   368 

   369 

   370 0. PREAMBLE

   371 

   372 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

   373 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to

   374 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,

   375 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

   376 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way

   377 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible

   378 for modifications made by others.

   379 

   380 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative

   381 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It

   382 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft

   383 license designed for free software.

   384 

   385 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

   386 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free

   387 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the

   388 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;

   389 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or

   390 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License

   391 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   392 

   393 

   394 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   395 

   396 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

   397 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

   398 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

   399 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that

   400 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,

   401 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a

   402 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you

   403 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission

   404 under copyright law.

   405 

   406 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

   407 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with

   408 modifications and/or translated into another language.

   409 

   410 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of

   411 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the

   412 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject

   413 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly

   414 within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a

   415 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any

   416 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical

   417 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

   418 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding

   419 them.

   420 

   421 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles

   422 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice

   423 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a

   424 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not

   425 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero

   426 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant

   427 Sections then there are none.

   428 

   429 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,

   430 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that

   431 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may

   432 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   433 

   434 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

   435 represented in a format whose specification is available to the

   436 general public, that is suitable for revising the document

   437 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of

   438 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available

   439 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or

   440 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input

   441 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file

   442 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart

   443 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.

   444 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount

   445 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   446 

   447 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain

   448 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML

   449 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple

   450 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

   451 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

   452 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by

   453 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or

   454 processing tools are not generally available, and the

   455 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word

   456 processors for output purposes only.

   457 

   458 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,

   459 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material

   460 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in

   461 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means

   462 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,

   463 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   464 

   465 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose

   466 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following

   467 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a

   468 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",

   469 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"

   470 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a

   471 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   472 

   473 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

   474 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

   475 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this

   476 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other

   477 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has

   478 no effect on the meaning of this License.

   479 

   480 

   481 2. VERBATIM COPYING

   482 

   483 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

   484 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the

   485 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies

   486 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other

   487 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use

   488 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further

   489 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept

   490 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough

   491 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   492 

   493 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and

   494 you may publicly display copies.

   495 

   496 

   497 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   498 

   499 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

   500 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

   501 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

   502 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover

   503 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on

   504 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify

   505 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present

   506 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and

   507 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.

   508 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve

   509 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated

   510 as verbatim copying in other respects.

   511 

   512 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit

   513 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit

   514 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent

   515 pages.

   516 

   517 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering

   518 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent

   519 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy

   520 a computer-network location from which the general network-using

   521 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols

   522 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.

   523 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,

   524 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure

   525 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated

   526 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

   527 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that

   528 edition to the public.

   529 

   530 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

   531 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give

   532 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

   533 

   534 

   535 4. MODIFICATIONS

   536 

   537 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under

   538 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release

   539 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified

   540 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution

   541 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy

   542 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   543 

   544 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

   545    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions

   546    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section

   547    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version

   548    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

   549 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

   550    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

   551    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

   552    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

   553    unless they release you from this requirement.

   554 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the

   555    Modified Version, as the publisher.

   556 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

   557 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications

   558    adjacent to the other copyright notices.

   559 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

   560    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

   561    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

   562 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

   563    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

   564 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

   565 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

   566    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

   567    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

   568    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

   569    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

   570    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

   571    Version as stated in the previous sentence.

   572 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

   573    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise

   574    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions

   575    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.

   576    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at

   577    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

   578    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

   579 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",

   580    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all

   581    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements

   582    and/or dedications given therein.

   583 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,

   584    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers

   585    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

   586 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section

   587    may not be included in the Modified Version.

   588 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"

   589    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   590 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   591 

   592 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or

   593 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material

   594 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all

   595 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the

   596 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.

   597 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   598 

   599 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

   600 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various

   601 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has

   602 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a

   603 standard.

   604 

   605 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

   606 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list

   607 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of

   608 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or

   609 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already

   610 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or

   611 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,

   612 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit

   613 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   614 

   615 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License

   616 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or

   617 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   618 

   619 

   620 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   621 

   622 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

   623 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified

   624 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the

   625 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and

   626 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its

   627 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   628 

   629 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and

   630 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single

   631 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but

   632 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by

   633 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original

   634 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.

   635 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of

   636 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   637 

   638 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"

   639 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled

   640 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   641 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections

   642 Entitled "Endorsements".

   643 

   644 

   645 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   646 

   647 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

   648 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this

   649 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

   650 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for

   651 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   652 

   653 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute

   654 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this

   655 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all

   656 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

   657 

   658 

   659 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   660 

   661 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate

   662 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

   663 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright

   664 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights

   665 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.

   666 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not

   667 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves

   668 derivative works of the Document.

   669 

   670 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these

   671 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of

   672 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

   673 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the

   674 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.

   675 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

   676 aggregate.

   677 

   678 

   679 8. TRANSLATION

   680 

   681 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may

   682 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.

   683 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special

   684 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include

   685 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

   686 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a

   687 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the

   688 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include

   689 the original English version of this License and the original versions

   690 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between

   691 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice

   692 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   693 

   694 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   695 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve

   696 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual

   697 title.

   698 

   699 

   700 9. TERMINATION

   701 

   702 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except

   703 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to

   704 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

   705 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,

   706 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this

   707 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such

   708 parties remain in full compliance.

   709 

   710 

   711 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   712 

   713 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions

   714 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new

   715 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may

   716 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See

   717 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   718 

   719 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.

   720 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this

   721 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

   722 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or

   723 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the

   724 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version

   725 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not

   726 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

   727 

   728 

   729 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

   730 

   731 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of

   732 the License in the document and put the following copyright and

   733 license notices just after the title page:

   734 

   735     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

   736     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

   737     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

   738     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

   739     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

   740     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

   741     Free Documentation License".

   742 

   743 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

   744 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

   745 

   746     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

   747     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

   748 

   749 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

   750 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

   751 situation.

   752 

   753 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

   754 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of

   755 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,

   756 to permit their use in free software.