686 =============================================================================

   687 

   688                 GNU Free Documentation License

   689                  Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

   690 

   691 

   692  Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   693      <http://fsf.org/>

   694  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

   695  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   696 

   697 0. PREAMBLE

   698 

   699 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

   700 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to

   701 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,

   702 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

   703 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way

   704 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible

   705 for modifications made by others.

   706 

   707 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative

   708 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It

   709 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft

   710 license designed for free software.

   711 

   712 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

   713 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free

   714 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the

   715 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;

   716 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or

   717 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License

   718 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   719 

   720 

   721 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   722 

   723 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

   724 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

   725 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

   726 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that

   727 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,

   728 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a

   729 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you

   730 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission

   731 under copyright law.

   732 

   733 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

   734 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with

   735 modifications and/or translated into another language.

   736 

   737 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of

   738 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the

   739 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall

   740 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall

   741 directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in

   742 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain

   743 any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical

   744 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

   745 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding

   746 them.

   747 

   748 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles

   749 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice

   750 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a

   751 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not

   752 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero

   753 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant

   754 Sections then there are none.

   755 

   756 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,

   757 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that

   758 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may

   759 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   760 

   761 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

   762 represented in a format whose specification is available to the

   763 general public, that is suitable for revising the document

   764 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of

   765 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available

   766 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or

   767 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input

   768 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file

   769 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart

   770 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.

   771 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount

   772 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   773 

   774 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain

   775 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML

   776 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple

   777 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

   778 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

   779 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by

   780 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or

   781 processing tools are not generally available, and the

   782 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word

   783 processors for output purposes only.

   784 

   785 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,

   786 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material

   787 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in

   788 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means

   789 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,

   790 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   791 

   792 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of

   793 the Document to the public.

   794 

   795 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose

   796 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following

   797 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a

   798 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",

   799 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"

   800 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a

   801 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   802 

   803 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

   804 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

   805 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this

   806 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other

   807 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has

   808 no effect on the meaning of this License.

   809 

   810 2. VERBATIM COPYING

   811 

   812 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

   813 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the

   814 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies

   815 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no

   816 other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use

   817 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further

   818 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept

   819 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough

   820 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   821 

   822 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and

   823 you may publicly display copies.

   824 

   825 

   826 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   827 

   828 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

   829 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

   830 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

   831 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover

   832 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on

   833 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify

   834 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present

   835 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and

   836 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.

   837 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve

   838 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated

   839 as verbatim copying in other respects.

   840 

   841 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit

   842 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit

   843 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent

   844 pages.

   845 

   846 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering

   847 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent

   848 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy

   849 a computer-network location from which the general network-using

   850 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols

   851 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.

   852 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,

   853 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure

   854 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated

   855 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

   856 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that

   857 edition to the public.

   858 

   859 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

   860 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to

   861 give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the

   862 Document.

   863 

   864 

   865 4. MODIFICATIONS

   866 

   867 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under

   868 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release

   869 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified

   870 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution

   871 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy

   872 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   873 

   874 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

   875    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions

   876    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section

   877    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version

   878    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

   879 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

   880    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

   881    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

   882    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

   883    unless they release you from this requirement.

   884 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the

   885    Modified Version, as the publisher.

   886 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

   887 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications

   888    adjacent to the other copyright notices.

   889 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

   890    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

   891    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

   892 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

   893    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

   894 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

   895 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

   896    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

   897    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

   898    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

   899    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

   900    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

   901    Version as stated in the previous sentence.

   902 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

   903    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise

   904    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions

   905    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.

   906    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at

   907    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

   908    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

   909 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",

   910    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all

   911    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements

   912    and/or dedications given therein.

   913 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,

   914    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers

   915    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

   916 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section

   917    may not be included in the Modified Version.

   918 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"

   919    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   920 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   921 

   922 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or

   923 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material

   924 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all

   925 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the

   926 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.

   927 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   928 

   929 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

   930 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various

   931 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has

   932 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a

   933 standard.

   934 

   935 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

   936 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list

   937 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of

   938 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or

   939 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already

   940 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or

   941 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,

   942 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit

   943 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   944 

   945 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License

   946 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or

   947 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   948 

   949 

   950 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   951 

   952 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

   953 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified

   954 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the

   955 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and

   956 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its

   957 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   958 

   959 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and

   960 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single

   961 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but

   962 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by

   963 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original

   964 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.

   965 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of

   966 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   967 

   968 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"

   969 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled

   970 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   971 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections

   972 Entitled "Endorsements".

   973 

   974 

   975 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   976 

   977 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other

   978 documents released under this License, and replace the individual

   979 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy

   980 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules

   981 of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all

   982 other respects.

   983 

   984 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and

   985 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a

   986 copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this

   987 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that

   988 document.

   989 

   990 

   991 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   992 

   993 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate

   994 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

   995 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright

   996 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights

   997 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.

   998 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not

   999 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves

  1000 derivative works of the Document.

  1001 

  1002 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these

  1003 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of

  1004 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

  1005 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the

  1006 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.

  1007 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

  1008 aggregate.

  1009 

  1010 

  1011 8. TRANSLATION

  1012 

  1013 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may

  1014 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.

  1015 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special

  1016 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include

  1017 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

  1018 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a

  1019 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the

  1020 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include

  1021 the original English version of this License and the original versions

  1022 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between

  1023 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice

  1024 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

  1025 

  1026 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

  1027 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve

  1028 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual

  1029 title.

  1030 

  1031 

  1032 9. TERMINATION

  1033 

  1034 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document

  1035 except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt

  1036 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and

  1037 will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

  1038 

  1039 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license

  1040 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,

  1041 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally

  1042 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder

  1043 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to

  1044 60 days after the cessation.

  1045 

  1046 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is

  1047 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the

  1048 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have

  1049 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that

  1050 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after

  1051 your receipt of the notice.

  1052 

  1053 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the

  1054 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under

  1055 this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently

  1056 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does

  1057 not give you any rights to use it.

  1058 

  1059 

  1060 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

  1061 

  1062 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the

  1063 GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions

  1064 will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in

  1065 detail to address new problems or concerns.  See

  1066 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

  1067 

  1068 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.

  1069 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this

  1070 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

  1071 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or

  1072 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the

  1073 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version

  1074 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not

  1075 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document

  1076 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this

  1077 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a

  1078 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the

  1079 Document.

  1080 

  1081 11. RELICENSING

  1082 

  1083 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any

  1084 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also

  1085 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A

  1086 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A

  1087 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site

  1088 means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

  1089 

  1090 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 

  1091 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 

  1092 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 

  1093 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 

  1094 published by that same organization.

  1095 

  1096 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in 

  1097 part, as part of another Document.

  1098 

  1099 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this 

  1100 License, and if all works that were first published under this License 

  1101 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or 

  1102 in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and 

  1103 (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

  1104 

  1105 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site

  1106 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,

  1107 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

  1108 

  1109 

  1110 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

  1111 

  1112 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of

  1113 the License in the document and put the following copyright and

  1114 license notices just after the title page:

  1115 

  1116     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

  1117     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

  1118     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3

  1119     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

  1120     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

  1121     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

  1122     Free Documentation License".

  1123 

  1124 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

  1125 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

  1126 

  1127     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

  1128     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

  1129 

  1130 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

  1131 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

  1132 situation.

  1133 

  1134 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

  1135 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of

  1136 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,

  1137 to permit their use in free software.