518 

   518 --------------------------------------------------------------------

   519 

   520                 GNU Free Documentation License

   521                   Version 1.2, November 2002

   522 

   523 

   524  Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   525      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

   526  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

   527  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   528 

   529 

   530 0. PREAMBLE

   531 

   532 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

   533 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to

   534 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,

   535 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

   536 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way

   537 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible

   538 for modifications made by others.

   539 

   540 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative

   541 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It

   542 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft

   543 license designed for free software.

   544 

   545 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

   546 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free

   547 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the

   548 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;

   549 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or

   550 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License

   551 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   552 

   553 

   554 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   555 

   556 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

   557 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

   558 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

   559 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that

   560 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,

   561 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a

   562 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you

   563 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission

   564 under copyright law.

   565 

   566 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

   567 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with

   568 modifications and/or translated into another language.

   569 

   570 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of

   571 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the

   572 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject

   573 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly

   574 within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a

   575 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any

   576 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical

   577 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

   578 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding

   579 them.

   580 

   581 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles

   582 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice

   583 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a

   584 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not

   585 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero

   586 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant

   587 Sections then there are none.

   588 

   589 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,

   590 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that

   591 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may

   592 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   593 

   594 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

   595 represented in a format whose specification is available to the

   596 general public, that is suitable for revising the document

   597 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of

   598 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available

   599 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or

   600 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input

   601 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file

   602 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart

   603 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.

   604 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount

   605 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   606 

   607 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain

   608 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML

   609 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple

   610 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

   611 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

   612 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by

   613 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or

   614 processing tools are not generally available, and the

   615 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word

   616 processors for output purposes only.

   617 

   618 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,

   619 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material

   620 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in

   621 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means

   622 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,

   623 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   624 

   625 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose

   626 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following

   627 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a

   628 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",

   629 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"

   630 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a

   631 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   632 

   633 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

   634 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

   635 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this

   636 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other

   637 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has

   638 no effect on the meaning of this License.

   639 

   640 

   641 2. VERBATIM COPYING

   642 

   643 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

   644 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the

   645 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies

   646 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other

   647 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use

   648 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further

   649 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept

   650 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough

   651 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   652 

   653 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and

   654 you may publicly display copies.

   655 

   656 

   657 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   658 

   659 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

   660 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

   661 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

   662 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover

   663 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on

   664 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify

   665 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present

   666 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and

   667 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.

   668 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve

   669 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated

   670 as verbatim copying in other respects.

   671 

   672 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit

   673 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit

   674 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent

   675 pages.

   676 

   677 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering

   678 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent

   679 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy

   680 a computer-network location from which the general network-using

   681 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols

   682 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.

   683 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,

   684 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure

   685 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated

   686 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

   687 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that

   688 edition to the public.

   689 

   690 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

   691 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give

   692 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

   693 

   694 

   695 4. MODIFICATIONS

   696 

   697 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under

   698 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release

   699 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified

   700 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution

   701 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy

   702 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   703 

   704 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

   705    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions

   706    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section

   707    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version

   708    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

   709 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

   710    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

   711    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

   712    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

   713    unless they release you from this requirement.

   714 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the

   715    Modified Version, as the publisher.

   716 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

   717 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications

   718    adjacent to the other copyright notices.

   719 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

   720    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

   721    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

   722 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

   723    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

   724 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

   725 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

   726    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

   727    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

   728    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

   729    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

   730    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

   731    Version as stated in the previous sentence.

   732 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

   733    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise

   734    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions

   735    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.

   736    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at

   737    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

   738    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

   739 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",

   740    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all

   741    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements

   742    and/or dedications given therein.

   743 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,

   744    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers

   745    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

   746 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section

   747    may not be included in the Modified Version.

   748 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"

   749    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   750 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   751 

   752 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or

   753 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material

   754 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all

   755 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the

   756 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.

   757 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   758 

   759 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

   760 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various

   761 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has

   762 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a

   763 standard.

   764 

   765 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

   766 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list

   767 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of

   768 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or

   769 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already

   770 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or

   771 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,

   772 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit

   773 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   774 

   775 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License

   776 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or

   777 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   778 

   779 

   780 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   781 

   782 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

   783 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified

   784 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the

   785 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and

   786 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its

   787 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   788 

   789 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and

   790 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single

   791 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but

   792 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by

   793 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original

   794 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.

   795 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of

   796 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   797 

   798 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"

   799 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled

   800 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   801 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections

   802 Entitled "Endorsements".

   803 

   804 

   805 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   806 

   807 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

   808 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this

   809 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

   810 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for

   811 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   812 

   813 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute

   814 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this

   815 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all

   816 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

   817 

   818 

   819 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   820 

   821 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate

   822 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

   823 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright

   824 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights

   825 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.

   826 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not

   827 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves

   828 derivative works of the Document.

   829 

   830 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these

   831 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of

   832 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

   833 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the

   834 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.

   835 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

   836 aggregate.

   837 

   838 

   839 8. TRANSLATION

   840 

   841 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may

   842 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.

   843 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special

   844 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include

   845 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

   846 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a

   847 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the

   848 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include

   849 the original English version of this License and the original versions

   850 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between

   851 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice

   852 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   853 

   854 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   855 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve

   856 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual

   857 title.

   858 

   859 

   860 9. TERMINATION

   861 

   862 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except

   863 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to

   864 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

   865 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,

   866 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this

   867 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such

   868 parties remain in full compliance.

   869 

   870 

   871 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   872 

   873 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions

   874 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new

   875 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may

   876 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See

   877 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   878 

   879 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.

   880 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this

   881 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

   882 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or

   883 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the

   884 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version

   885 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not

   886 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

   887 

   888 

   889 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

   890 

   891 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of

   892 the License in the document and put the following copyright and

   893 license notices just after the title page:

   894 

   895     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

   896     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

   897     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

   898     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

   899     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

   900     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

   901     Free Documentation License".

   902 

   903 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

   904 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

   905 

   906     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

   907     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

   908 

   909 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

   910 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

   911 situation.

   912 

   913 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

   914 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of

   915 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,

   916 to permit their use in free software.