351 

   352 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

   353 

   354                 GNU Free Documentation License

   355                   Version 1.2, November 2002

   356 

   357 

   358  Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   359      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

   360  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

   361  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   362 

   363 

   364 0. PREAMBLE

   365 

   366 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

   367 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to

   368 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,

   369 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

   370 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way

   371 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible

   372 for modifications made by others.

   373 

   374 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative

   375 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It

   376 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft

   377 license designed for free software.

   378 

   379 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

   380 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free

   381 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the

   382 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;

   383 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or

   384 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License

   385 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   386 

   387 

   388 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   389 

   390 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

   391 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

   392 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

   393 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that

   394 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,

   395 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a

   396 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you

   397 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission

   398 under copyright law.

   399 

   400 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

   401 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with

   402 modifications and/or translated into another language.

   403 

   404 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of

   405 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the

   406 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject

   407 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly

   408 within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a

   409 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any

   410 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical

   411 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

   412 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding

   413 them.

   414 

   415 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles

   416 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice

   417 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a

   418 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not

   419 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero

   420 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant

   421 Sections then there are none.

   422 

   423 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,

   424 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that

   425 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may

   426 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   427 

   428 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

   429 represented in a format whose specification is available to the

   430 general public, that is suitable for revising the document

   431 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of

   432 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available

   433 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or

   434 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input

   435 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file

   436 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart

   437 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.

   438 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount

   439 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   440 

   441 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain

   442 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML

   443 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple

   444 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

   445 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

   446 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by

   447 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or

   448 processing tools are not generally available, and the

   449 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word

   450 processors for output purposes only.

   451 

   452 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,

   453 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material

   454 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in

   455 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means

   456 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,

   457 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   458 

   459 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose

   460 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following

   461 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a

   462 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",

   463 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"

   464 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a

   465 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   466 

   467 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

   468 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

   469 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this

   470 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other

   471 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has

   472 no effect on the meaning of this License.

   473 

   474 

   475 2. VERBATIM COPYING

   476 

   477 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

   478 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the

   479 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies

   480 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other

   481 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use

   482 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further

   483 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept

   484 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough

   485 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   486 

   487 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and

   488 you may publicly display copies.

   489 

   490 

   491 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   492 

   493 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

   494 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

   495 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

   496 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover

   497 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on

   498 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify

   499 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present

   500 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and

   501 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.

   502 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve

   503 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated

   504 as verbatim copying in other respects.

   505 

   506 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit

   507 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit

   508 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent

   509 pages.

   510 

   511 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering

   512 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent

   513 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy

   514 a computer-network location from which the general network-using

   515 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols

   516 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.

   517 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,

   518 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure

   519 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated

   520 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

   521 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that

   522 edition to the public.

   523 

   524 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

   525 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give

   526 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

   527 

   528 

   529 4. MODIFICATIONS

   530 

   531 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under

   532 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release

   533 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified

   534 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution

   535 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy

   536 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   537 

   538 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

   539    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions

   540    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section

   541    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version

   542    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

   543 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

   544    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

   545    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

   546    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

   547    unless they release you from this requirement.

   548 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the

   549    Modified Version, as the publisher.

   550 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

   551 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications

   552    adjacent to the other copyright notices.

   553 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

   554    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

   555    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

   556 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

   557    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

   558 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

   559 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

   560    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

   561    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

   562    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

   563    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

   564    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

   565    Version as stated in the previous sentence.

   566 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

   567    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise

   568    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions

   569    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.

   570    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at

   571    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

   572    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

   573 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",

   574    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all

   575    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements

   576    and/or dedications given therein.

   577 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,

   578    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers

   579    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

   580 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section

   581    may not be included in the Modified Version.

   582 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"

   583    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   584 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   585 

   586 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or

   587 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material

   588 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all

   589 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the

   590 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.

   591 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   592 

   593 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

   594 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various

   595 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has

   596 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a

   597 standard.

   598 

   599 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

   600 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list

   601 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of

   602 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or

   603 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already

   604 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or

   605 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,

   606 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit

   607 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   608 

   609 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License

   610 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or

   611 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   612 

   613 

   614 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   615 

   616 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

   617 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified

   618 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the

   619 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and

   620 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its

   621 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   622 

   623 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and

   624 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single

   625 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but

   626 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by

   627 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original

   628 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.

   629 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of

   630 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   631 

   632 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"

   633 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled

   634 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   635 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections

   636 Entitled "Endorsements".

   637 

   638 

   639 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   640 

   641 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

   642 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this

   643 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

   644 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for

   645 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   646 

   647 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute

   648 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this

   649 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all

   650 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

   651 

   652 

   653 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   654 

   655 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate

   656 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

   657 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright

   658 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights

   659 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.

   660 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not

   661 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves

   662 derivative works of the Document.

   663 

   664 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these

   665 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of

   666 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

   667 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the

   668 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.

   669 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

   670 aggregate.

   671 

   672 

   673 8. TRANSLATION

   674 

   675 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may

   676 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.

   677 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special

   678 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include

   679 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

   680 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a

   681 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the

   682 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include

   683 the original English version of this License and the original versions

   684 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between

   685 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice

   686 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   687 

   688 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   689 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve

   690 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual

   691 title.

   692 

   693 

   694 9. TERMINATION

   695 

   696 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except

   697 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to

   698 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

   699 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,

   700 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this

   701 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such

   702 parties remain in full compliance.

   703 

   704 

   705 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   706 

   707 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions

   708 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new

   709 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may

   710 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See

   711 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   712 

   713 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.

   714 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this

   715 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

   716 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or

   717 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the

   718 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version

   719 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not

   720 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

   721 

   722 

   723 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

   724 

   725 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of

   726 the License in the document and put the following copyright and

   727 license notices just after the title page:

   728 

   729     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

   730     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

   731     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

   732     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

   733     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

   734     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

   735     Free Documentation License".

   736 

   737 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

   738 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

   739 

   740     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

   741     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

   742 

   743 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

   744 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

   745 situation.

   746 

   747 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

   748 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of

   749 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,

   750 to permit their use in free software.