356 

   357 ====================================================================

   358 

   359                 GNU Free Documentation License

   360                   Version 1.2, November 2002

   361 

   362 

   363  Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   364      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

   365  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

   366  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   367 

   368 

   369 0. PREAMBLE

   370 

   371 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

   372 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to

   373 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,

   374 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

   375 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way

   376 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible

   377 for modifications made by others.

   378 

   379 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative

   380 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It

   381 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft

   382 license designed for free software.

   383 

   384 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

   385 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free

   386 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the

   387 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;

   388 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or

   389 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License

   390 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   391 

   392 

   393 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   394 

   395 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

   396 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

   397 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

   398 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that

   399 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,

   400 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a

   401 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you

   402 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission

   403 under copyright law.

   404 

   405 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

   406 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with

   407 modifications and/or translated into another language.

   408 

   409 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of

   410 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the

   411 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject

   412 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly

   413 within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a

   414 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any

   415 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical

   416 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

   417 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding

   418 them.

   419 

   420 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles

   421 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice

   422 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a

   423 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not

   424 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero

   425 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant

   426 Sections then there are none.

   427 

   428 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,

   429 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that

   430 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may

   431 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   432 

   433 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

   434 represented in a format whose specification is available to the

   435 general public, that is suitable for revising the document

   436 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of

   437 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available

   438 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or

   439 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input

   440 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file

   441 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart

   442 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.

   443 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount

   444 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   445 

   446 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain

   447 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML

   448 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple

   449 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

   450 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

   451 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by

   452 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or

   453 processing tools are not generally available, and the

   454 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word

   455 processors for output purposes only.

   456 

   457 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,

   458 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material

   459 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in

   460 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means

   461 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,

   462 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   463 

   464 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose

   465 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following

   466 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a

   467 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",

   468 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"

   469 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a

   470 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   471 

   472 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

   473 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

   474 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this

   475 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other

   476 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has

   477 no effect on the meaning of this License.

   478 

   479 

   480 2. VERBATIM COPYING

   481 

   482 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

   483 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the

   484 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies

   485 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other

   486 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use

   487 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further

   488 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept

   489 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough

   490 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   491 

   492 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and

   493 you may publicly display copies.

   494 

   495 

   496 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   497 

   498 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

   499 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

   500 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

   501 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover

   502 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on

   503 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify

   504 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present

   505 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and

   506 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.

   507 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve

   508 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated

   509 as verbatim copying in other respects.

   510 

   511 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit

   512 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit

   513 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent

   514 pages.

   515 

   516 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering

   517 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent

   518 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy

   519 a computer-network location from which the general network-using

   520 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols

   521 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.

   522 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,

   523 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure

   524 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated

   525 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

   526 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that

   527 edition to the public.

   528 

   529 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

   530 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give

   531 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

   532 

   533 

   534 4. MODIFICATIONS

   535 

   536 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under

   537 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release

   538 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified

   539 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution

   540 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy

   541 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   542 

   543 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

   544    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions

   545    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section

   546    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version

   547    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

   548 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

   549    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

   550    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

   551    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

   552    unless they release you from this requirement.

   553 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the

   554    Modified Version, as the publisher.

   555 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

   556 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications

   557    adjacent to the other copyright notices.

   558 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

   559    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

   560    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

   561 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

   562    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

   563 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

   564 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

   565    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

   566    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

   567    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

   568    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

   569    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

   570    Version as stated in the previous sentence.

   571 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

   572    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise

   573    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions

   574    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.

   575    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at

   576    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

   577    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

   578 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",

   579    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all

   580    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements

   581    and/or dedications given therein.

   582 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,

   583    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers

   584    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

   585 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section

   586    may not be included in the Modified Version.

   587 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"

   588    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   589 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   590 

   591 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or

   592 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material

   593 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all

   594 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the

   595 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.

   596 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   597 

   598 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

   599 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various

   600 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has

   601 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a

   602 standard.

   603 

   604 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

   605 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list

   606 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of

   607 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or

   608 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already

   609 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or

   610 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,

   611 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit

   612 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   613 

   614 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License

   615 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or

   616 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   617 

   618 

   619 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   620 

   621 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

   622 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified

   623 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the

   624 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and

   625 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its

   626 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   627 

   628 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and

   629 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single

   630 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but

   631 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by

   632 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original

   633 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.

   634 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of

   635 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   636 

   637 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"

   638 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled

   639 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   640 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections

   641 Entitled "Endorsements".

   642 

   643 

   644 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   645 

   646 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

   647 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this

   648 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

   649 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for

   650 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   651 

   652 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute

   653 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this

   654 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all

   655 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

   656 

   657 

   658 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   659 

   660 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate

   661 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

   662 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright

   663 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights

   664 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.

   665 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not

   666 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves

   667 derivative works of the Document.

   668 

   669 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these

   670 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of

   671 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

   672 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the

   673 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.

   674 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

   675 aggregate.

   676 

   677 

   678 8. TRANSLATION

   679 

   680 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may

   681 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.

   682 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special

   683 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include

   684 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

   685 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a

   686 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the

   687 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include

   688 the original English version of this License and the original versions

   689 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between

   690 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice

   691 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   692 

   693 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   694 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve

   695 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual

   696 title.

   697 

   698 

   699 9. TERMINATION

   700 

   701 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except

   702 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to

   703 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

   704 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,

   705 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this

   706 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such

   707 parties remain in full compliance.

   708 

   709 

   710 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   711 

   712 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions

   713 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new

   714 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may

   715 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See

   716 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   717 

   718 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.

   719 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this

   720 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

   721 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or

   722 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the

   723 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version

   724 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not

   725 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

   726 

   727 

   728 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

   729 

   730 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of

   731 the License in the document and put the following copyright and

   732 license notices just after the title page:

   733 

   734     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

   735     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

   736     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

   737     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

   738     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

   739     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

   740     Free Documentation License".

   741 

   742 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

   743 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

   744 

   745     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

   746     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

   747 

   748 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

   749 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

   750 situation.

   751 

   752 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

   753 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of

   754 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,

   755 to permit their use in free software.