components/python/pyopenssl/pyOpenSSL.txt
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+++ b/components/python/pyopenssl/pyOpenSSL.txt	Wed Feb 23 10:37:11 2011 -0800
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+                            Python OpenSSL Manual
+     __________________________________________________________________
+
+                            Python OpenSSL Manual
+
+                               Martin Sj�gren
+
+                              [email protected]
+
+  Abstract:
+
+   This module is a rather thin wrapper around (a subset of) the OpenSSL
+   library. With thin wrapper I mean that a lot of the object methods do
+   nothing more than calling a corresponding function in the OpenSSL
+   library.
+
+Contents
+
+     * 1 Introduction
+     * 2 Building and Installing
+          + 2.1 Building the Module on a Unix System
+          + 2.2 Building the Module on a Windows System
+     * 3 OpenSSL -- Python interface to OpenSSL
+          + 3.1 crypto -- Generic cryptographic module
+          + 3.2 rand -- An interface to the OpenSSL pseudo random number
+            generator
+          + 3.3 SSL -- An interface to the SSL-specific parts of OpenSSL
+     * 4 Internals
+          + 4.1 Exceptions
+          + 4.2 Callbacks
+          + 4.3 Acessing Socket Methods
+
+
+                                 1 Introduction
+
+   The reason pyOpenSSL was created is that the SSL support in the socket
+   module in Python 2.1 (the contemporary version of Python when the
+   pyOpenSSL project was begun) was severely limited. Other OpenSSL
+   wrappers for Python at the time were also limited, though in different
+   ways. Unfortunately, Python's standard library SSL support has remained
+   weak, although other packages (such as M2Crypto^1) have made great
+   advances and now equal or exceed pyOpenSSL's functionality.
+
+   The reason pyOpenSSL continues to be maintained is that there is a
+   significant user community around it, as well as a large amount of
+   software which depends on it. It is a great benefit to many people for
+   pyOpenSSL to continue to exist and advance.
+
+
+                           2 Building and Installing
+
+   These instructions can also be found in the file INSTALL.
+
+   I have tested this on Debian Linux systems (woody and sid), Solaris 2.6
+   and 2.7. Others have successfully compiled it on Windows and NT.
+
+
+2.1 Building the Module on a Unix System
+
+   pyOpenSSL uses distutils, so there really shouldn't be any problems. To
+   build the library:
+
+python setup.py build
+
+   If your OpenSSL header files aren't in /usr/include, you may need to
+   supply the -I flag to let the setup script know where to look. The same
+   goes for the libraries of course, use the -L flag. Note that build
+   won't accept these flags, so you have to run first build_ext and then
+   build! Example:
+
+python setup.py build_ext -I/usr/local/ssl/include -L/usr/local/ssl/lib
+python setup.py build
+
+   Now you should have a directory called OpenSSL that contains e.g.
+   SSL.so and __init__.py somewhere in the build dicrectory, so just:
+
+python setup.py install
+
+   If you, for some arcane reason, don't want the module to appear in the
+   site-packages directory, use the --prefix option.
+
+   You can, of course, do
+
+python setup.py --help
+
+   to find out more about how to use the script.
+
+
+2.2 Building the Module on a Windows System
+
+   Big thanks to Itamar Shtull-Trauring and Oleg Orlov for their help with
+   Windows build instructions. Same as for Unix systems, we have to
+   separate the build_ext and the build.
+
+   Building the library:
+
+setup.py build_ext -I ...\openssl\inc32 -L ...\openssl\out32dll
+setup.py build
+
+   Where ...\openssl is of course the location of your OpenSSL
+   installation.
+
+   Installation is the same as for Unix systems:
+
+setup.py install
+
+   And similarily, you can do
+
+setup.py --help
+
+   to get more information.
+
+
+                    3 OpenSSL -- Python interface to OpenSSL
+
+   This package provides a high-level interface to the functions in the
+   OpenSSL library. The following modules are defined:
+
+   crypto
+          Generic cryptographic module. Note that if anything is
+          incomplete, this module is!
+
+   rand
+          An interface to the OpenSSL pseudo random number generator.
+
+   SSL
+          An interface to the SSL-specific parts of OpenSSL.
+
+
+3.1 crypto -- Generic cryptographic module
+
+   X509Type
+          A Python type object representing the X509 object type.
+
+   X509()
+          Factory function that creates an X509 object.
+
+   X509NameType
+          A Python type object representing the X509Name object type.
+
+   X509Name(x509name)
+          Factory function that creates a copy of x509name.
+
+   X509ReqType
+          A Python type object representing the X509Req object type.
+
+   X509Req()
+          Factory function that creates an X509Req object.
+
+   X509StoreType
+          A Python type object representing the X509Store object type.
+
+   PKeyType
+          A Python type object representing the PKey object type.
+
+   PKey()
+          Factory function that creates a PKey object.
+
+   PKCS7Type
+          A Python type object representing the PKCS7 object type.
+
+   PKCS12Type
+          A Python type object representing the PKCS12 object type.
+
+   X509ExtensionType
+          A Python type object representing the X509Extension object type.
+
+   X509Extension(typename, critical, value)
+          Factory function that creates a X509Extension object.
+
+   NetscapeSPKIType
+          A Python type object representing the NetscapeSPKI object type.
+
+   NetscapeSPKI([enc])
+          Factory function that creates a NetscapeSPKI object. If the enc
+          argument is present, it should be a base64-encoded string
+          representing a NetscapeSPKI object, as returned by the
+          b64_encode method.
+
+   FILETYPE_PEM
+
+   FILETYPE_ASN1
+          File type constants.
+
+   TYPE_RSA
+
+   TYPE_DSA
+          Key type constants.
+
+   exception Error
+          Generic exception used in the crypto module.
+
+   dump_certificate(type, cert)
+          Dump the certificate cert into a buffer string encoded with the
+          type type.
+
+   dump_certificate_request(type, req)
+          Dump the certificate request req into a buffer string encoded
+          with the type type.
+
+   dump_privatekey(type, pkey[, cipher, passphrase])
+          Dump the private key pkey into a buffer string encoded with the
+          type type, optionally (if type is FILETYPE_PEM) encrypting it
+          using cipher and passphrase.
+
+          passphrase must be either a string or a callback for providing
+          the pass phrase.
+
+   load_certificate(type, buffer)
+          Load a certificate (X509) from the string buffer encoded with
+          the type type.
+
+   load_certificate_request(type, buffer)
+          Load a certificate request (X509Req) from the string buffer
+          encoded with the type type.
+
+   load_privatekey(type, buffer[, passphrase])
+          Load a private key (PKey) from the string buffer encoded with
+          the type type (must be one of FILETYPE_PEM and FILETYPE_ASN1).
+
+          passphrase must be either a string or a callback for providing
+          the pass phrase.
+
+   load_pkcs7_data(type, buffer)
+          Load pkcs7 data from the string buffer encoded with the type
+          type.
+
+   load_pkcs12(buffer[, passphrase])
+          Load pkcs12 data from the string buffer. If the pkcs12 structure
+          is encrypted, a passphrase must be included.
+
+
+  3.1.1 X509 objects
+
+   X509 objects have the following methods:
+
+   get_issuer()
+          Return an X509Name object representing the issuer of the
+          certificate.
+
+   get_pubkey()
+          Return a PKey object representing the public key of the
+          certificate.
+
+   get_serial_number()
+          Return the certificate serial number.
+
+   get_subject()
+          Return an X509Name object representing the subject of the
+          certificate.
+
+   get_version()
+          Return the certificate version.
+
+   get_notBefore()
+          Return a string giving the time before which the certificate is
+          not valid. The string is formatted as an ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME:
+
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss+hhmm
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss-hhmm
+
+          If no value exists for this field, None is returned.
+
+   get_notAfter()
+          Return a string giving the time after which the certificate is
+          not valid. The string is formatted as an ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME:
+
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss+hhmm
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss-hhmm
+
+          If no value exists for this field, None is returned.
+
+   set_notBefore(when)
+          Change the time before which the certificate is not valid. when
+          is a string formatted as an ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME:
+
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss+hhmm
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss-hhmm
+
+   set_notAfter(when)
+          Change the time after which the certificate is not valid. when
+          is a string formatted as an ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME:
+
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmssZ
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss+hhmm
+                 YYYYMMDDhhmmss-hhmm
+
+   gmtime_adj_notBefore(time)
+          Adjust the timestamp (in GMT) when the certificate starts being
+          valid.
+
+   gmtime_adj_notAfter(time)
+          Adjust the timestamp (in GMT) when the certificate stops being
+          valid.
+
+   has_expired()
+          Checks the certificate's time stamp against current time.
+          Returns true if the certificate has expired and false otherwise.
+
+   set_issuer(issuer)
+          Set the issuer of the certificate to issuer.
+
+   set_pubkey(pkey)
+          Set the public key of the certificate to pkey.
+
+   set_serial_number(serialno)
+          Set the serial number of the certificate to serialno.
+
+   set_subject(subject)
+          Set the subject of the certificate to subject.
+
+   set_version(version)
+          Set the certificate version to version.
+
+   sign(pkey, digest)
+          Sign the certificate, using the key pkey and the message digest
+          algorithm identified by the string digest.
+
+   subject_name_hash()
+          Return the hash of the certificate subject.
+
+   digest(digest_name)
+          Return a digest of the certificate, using the digest_name
+          method.
+
+   add_extensions(extensions)
+          Add the extensions in the sequence extensions to the
+          certificate.
+
+
+  3.1.2 X509Name objects
+
+   X509Name objects have the following methods:
+
+   hash()
+          Return an integer giving the first four bytes of the MD5 digest
+          of the DER representation of the name.
+
+   der()
+          Return a string giving the DER representation of the name.
+
+   get_components()
+          Return a list of two-tuples of strings giving the components of
+          the name.
+
+   X509Name objects have the following members:
+
+   countryName
+          The country of the entity. C may be used as an alias for
+          countryName.
+
+   stateOrProvinceName
+          The state or province of the entity. ST may be used as an alias
+          for stateOrProvinceName�
+
+   localityName
+          The locality of the entity. L may be used as an alias for
+          localityName.
+
+   organizationName
+          The organization name of the entity. O may be used as an alias
+          for organizationName.
+
+   organizationalUnitName
+          The organizational unit of the entity. OU may be used as an
+          alias for organizationalUnitName.
+
+   commonName
+          The common name of the entity. CN may be used as an alias for
+          commonName.
+
+   emailAddress
+          The e-mail address of the entity.
+
+
+  3.1.3 X509Req objects
+
+   X509Req objects have the following methods:
+
+   get_pubkey()
+          Return a PKey object representing the public key of the
+          certificate request.
+
+   get_subject()
+          Return an X509Name object representing the subject of the
+          certificate.
+
+   set_pubkey(pkey)
+          Set the public key of the certificate request to pkey.
+
+   sign(pkey, digest)
+          Sign the certificate request, using the key pkey and the message
+          digest algorithm identified by the string digest.
+
+   verify(pkey)
+          Verify a certificate request using the public key pkey.
+
+
+  3.1.4 X509Store objects
+
+   The X509Store object has currently just one method:
+
+   add_cert(cert)
+          Add the certificate cert to the certificate store.
+
+
+  3.1.5 PKey objects
+
+   The PKey object has the following methods:
+
+   bits()
+          Return the number of bits of the key.
+
+   generate_key(type, bits)
+          Generate a public/private key pair of the type type (one of
+          TYPE_RSA and TYPE_DSA) with the size bits.
+
+   type()
+          Return the type of the key.
+
+
+  3.1.6 PKCS7 objects
+
+   PKCS7 objects have the following methods:
+
+   type_is_signed()
+          FIXME
+
+   type_is_enveloped()
+          FIXME
+
+   type_is_signedAndEnveloped()
+          FIXME
+
+   type_is_data()
+          FIXME
+
+   get_type_name()
+          Get the type name of the PKCS7.
+
+
+  3.1.7 PKCS12 objects
+
+   PKCS12 objects have the following methods:
+
+   get_certificate()
+          Return certificate portion of the PKCS12 structure.
+
+   get_privatekey()
+          Return private key portion of the PKCS12 structure
+
+   get_ca_certificates()
+          Return CA certificates within the PKCS12 object as a tuple.
+          Returns None if no CA certificates are present.
+
+
+  3.1.8 X509Extension objects
+
+   X509Extension objects currently only have one method:
+
+   get_critical()
+          Return the critical field of the extension object.
+
+
+  3.1.9 NetscapeSPKI objects
+
+   NetscapeSPKI objects have the following methods:
+
+   b64_encode()
+          Return a base64-encoded string representation of the object.
+
+   get_pubkey()
+          Return the public key of object.
+
+   set_pubkey(key)
+          Set the public key of the object to key.
+
+   sign(key, digest_name)
+          Sign the NetscapeSPKI object using the given key and
+          digest_name.
+
+   verify(key)
+          Verify the NetscapeSPKI object using the given key.
+
+
+3.2 rand -- An interface to the OpenSSL pseudo random number generator
+
+   This module handles the OpenSSL pseudo random number generator (PRNG)
+   and declares the following:
+
+   add(string, entropy)
+          Mix bytes from string into the PRNG state. The entropy argument
+          is (the lower bound of) an estimate of how much randomness is
+          contained in string, measured in bytes. For more information,
+          see e.g. RFC 1750.
+
+   egd(path[, bytes])
+          Query the Entropy Gathering Daemon^2 on socket path for bytes
+          bytes of random data and and uses add to seed the PRNG. The
+          default value of bytes is 255.
+
+   load_file(path[, bytes])
+          Read bytes bytes (or all of it, if bytes is negative) of data
+          from the file path to seed the PRNG. The default value of bytes
+          is -1.
+
+   screen()
+          Add the current contents of the screen to the PRNG state.
+          Availability: Windows.
+
+   seed(string)
+          This is equivalent to calling add with entropy as the length of
+          the string.
+
+   status()
+          Returns true if the PRNG has been seeded with enough data, and
+          false otherwise.
+
+   write_file(path)
+          Write a number of random bytes (currently 1024) to the file
+          path. This file can then be used with load_file to seed the PRNG
+          again.
+
+
+3.3 SSL -- An interface to the SSL-specific parts of OpenSSL
+
+   This module handles things specific to SSL. There are two objects
+   defined: Context, Connection.
+
+   SSLv2_METHOD
+
+   SSLv3_METHOD
+
+   SSLv23_METHOD
+
+   TLSv1_METHOD
+          These constants represent the different SSL methods to use when
+          creating a context object.
+
+   VERIFY_NONE
+
+   VERIFY_PEER
+
+   VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT
+          These constants represent the verification mode used by the
+          Context object's set_verify method.
+
+   FILETYPE_PEM
+
+   FILETYPE_ASN1
+          File type constants used with the use_certificate_file and
+          use_privatekey_file methods of Context objects.
+
+   OP_SINGLE_DH_USE
+
+   OP_EPHEMERAL_RSA
+
+   OP_NO_SSLv2
+
+   OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+   OP_NO_TLSv1
+          Constants used with set_options of Context objects.
+          OP_SINGLE_DH_USE means to always create a new key when using
+          ephemeral Diffie-Hellman. OP_EPHEMERAL_RSA means to always use
+          ephemeral RSA keys when doing RSA operations. OP_NO_SSLv2,
+          OP_NO_SSLv3 and OP_NO_TLSv1 means to disable those specific
+          protocols. This is interesting if you're using e.g.
+          SSLv23_METHOD to get an SSLv2-compatible handshake, but don't
+          want to use SSLv2.
+
+   ContextType
+          A Python type object representing the Context object type.
+
+   Context(method)
+          Factory function that creates a new Context object given an SSL
+          method. The method should be SSLv2_METHOD, SSLv3_METHOD,
+          SSLv23_METHOD or TLSv1_METHOD.
+
+   ConnectionType
+          A Python type object representing the Connection object type.
+
+   Connection(context, socket)
+          Factory fucnction that creates a new Connection object given an
+          SSL context and a socket ^3 object.
+
+   exception Error
+          This exception is used as a base class for the other SSL-related
+          exceptions, but may also be raised directly.
+
+          Whenever this exception is raised directly, it has a list of
+          error messages from the OpenSSL error queue, where each item is
+          a tuple (lib, function, reason). Here lib, function and reason
+          are all strings, describing where and what the problem is. See
+          err(3) for more information.
+
+   exception ZeroReturnError
+          This exception matches the error return code
+          SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN, and is raised when the SSL Connection has
+          been closed. In SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0, this only occurs if a
+          closure alert has occurred in the protocol, i.e. the connection
+          has been closed cleanly. Note that this does not necessarily
+          mean that the transport layer (e.g. a socket) has been closed.
+
+          It may seem a little strange that this is an exception, but it
+          does match an SSL_ERROR code, and is very convenient.
+
+   exception WantReadError
+          The operation did not complete; the same I/O method should be
+          called again later, with the same arguments. Any I/O method can
+          lead to this since new handshakes can occur at any time.
+
+   exception WantWriteError
+          See WantReadError.
+
+   exception WantX509LookupError
+          The operation did not complete because an application callback
+          has asked to be called again. The I/O method should be called
+          again later, with the same arguments. Note: This won't occur in
+          this version, as there are no such callbacks in this version.
+
+   exception SysCallError
+          The SysCallError occurs when there's an I/O error and OpenSSL's
+          error queue does not contain any information. This can mean two
+          things: An error in the transport protocol, or an end of file
+          that violates the protocol. The parameter to the exception is
+          always a pair (errnum, errstr).
+
+
+  3.3.1 Context objects
+
+   Context objects have the following methods:
+
+   check_privatekey()
+          Check if the private key (loaded with use_privatekey[_file])
+          matches the certificate (loaded with use_certificate[_file]).
+          Returns None if they match, raises Error otherwise.
+
+   get_app_data()
+          Retrieve application data as set by set_app_data.
+
+   get_cert_store()
+          Retrieve the certificate store (a X509Store object) that the
+          context uses. This can be used to add "trusted" certificates
+          without using the. load_verify_locations() method.
+
+   get_timeout()
+          Retrieve session timeout, as set by set_timeout. The default is
+          300 seconds.
+
+   get_verify_depth()
+          Retrieve the Context object's verify depth, as set by
+          set_verify_depth.
+
+   get_verify_mode()
+          Retrieve the Context object's verify mode, as set by
+          set_verify_mode.
+
+   load_client_ca(pemfile)
+          Read a file with PEM-formatted certificates that will be sent to
+          the client when requesting a client certificate.
+
+   load_verify_locations(pemfile)
+          Specify where CA certificates for verification purposes are
+          located. These are trusted certificates. Note that the
+          certificates have to be in PEM format.
+
+   load_tmp_dh(dhfile)
+          Load parameters for Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman from dhfile.
+
+   set_app_data(data)
+          Associate data with this Context object. data can be retrieved
+          later using the get_app_data method.
+
+   set_cipher_list(ciphers)
+          Set the list of ciphers to be used in this context. See the
+          OpenSSL manual for more information (e.g. ciphers(1))
+
+   set_info_callback(callback)
+          Set the information callback to callback. This function will be
+          called from time to time during SSL handshakes. callback should
+          take three arguments: a Connection object and two integers. The
+          first integer specifies where in the SSL handshake the function
+          was called, and the other the return code from a (possibly
+          failed) internal function call.
+
+   set_options(options)
+          Add SSL options. Options you have set before are not cleared!
+          This method should be used with the OP_* constants.
+
+   set_passwd_cb(callback[, userdata])
+          Set the passphrase callback to callback. This function will be
+          called when a private key with a passphrase is loaded. callback
+          must accept three positional arguments. First, an integer giving
+          the maximum length of the passphrase it may return. If the
+          returned passphrase is longer than this, it will be truncated.
+          Second, a boolean value which will be true if the user should be
+          prompted for the passphrase twice and the callback should verify
+          that the two values supplied are equal. Third, the value given
+          as the userdata parameter to set_passwd_cb. If an error occurs,
+          callback should return a false value (e.g. an empty string).
+
+   set_session_id(name)
+          Set the context name within which a session can be reused for
+          this Context object. This is needed when doing session
+          resumption, because there is no way for a stored session to know
+          which Context object it is associated with. name may be any
+          binary data.
+
+   set_timeout(timeout)
+          Set the timeout for newly created sessions for this Context
+          object to timeout. timeout must be given in (whole) seconds. The
+          default value is 300 seconds. See the OpenSSL manual for more
+          information (e.g. SSL_CTX_set_timeout(3)).
+
+   set_verify(mode, callback)
+          Set the verification flags for this Context object to mode and
+          specify that callback should be used for verification callbacks.
+          mode should be one of VERIFY_NONE and VERIFY_PEER. If
+          VERIFY_PEER is used, mode can be OR:ed with
+          VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT and VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE to further
+          control the behaviour. callback should take five arguments: A
+          Connection object, an X509 object, and three integer variables,
+          which are in turn potential error number, error depth and return
+          code. callback should return true if verification passes and
+          false otherwise.
+
+   set_verify_depth(depth)
+          Set the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification
+          that shall be allowed for this Context object.
+
+   use_certificate(cert)
+          Use the certificate cert which has to be a X509 object.
+
+   add_extra_chain_cert(cert)
+          Adds the certificate cert, which has to be a X509 object, to the
+          certificate chain presented together with the certificate.
+
+   use_certificate_chain_file(file)
+          Load a certificate chain from file which must be PEM encoded.
+
+   use_privatekey(pkey)
+          Use the private key pkey which has to be a PKey object.
+
+   use_certificate_file(file[, format])
+          Load the first certificate found in file. The certificate must
+          be in the format specified by format, which is either
+          FILETYPE_PEM or FILETYPE_ASN1. The default is FILETYPE_PEM.
+
+   use_privatekey_file(file[, format])
+          Load the first private key found in file. The private key must
+          be in the format specified by format, which is either
+          FILETYPE_PEM or FILETYPE_ASN1. The default is FILETYPE_PEM.
+
+
+  3.3.2 Connection objects
+
+   Connection objects have the following methods:
+
+   accept()
+          Call the accept method of the underlying socket and set up SSL
+          on the returned socket, using the Context object supplied to
+          this Connection object at creation. Returns a pair (conn,
+          address). where conn is the new Connection object created, and
+          address is as returned by the socket's accept.
+
+   bind(address)
+          Call the bind method of the underlying socket.
+
+   close()
+          Call the close method of the underlying socket. Note: If you
+          want correct SSL closure, you need to call the shutdown method
+          first.
+
+   connect(address)
+          Call the connect method of the underlying socket and set up SSL
+          on the socket, using the Context object supplied to this
+          Connection object at creation.
+
+   connect_ex(address)
+          Call the connect_ex method of the underlying socket and set up
+          SSL on the socket, using the Context object supplied to this
+          Connection object at creation. Note that if the connect_ex
+          method of the socket doesn't return 0, SSL won't be initialized.
+
+   do_handshake()
+          Perform an SSL handshake (usually called after renegotiate or
+          one of set_accept_state or set_accept_state). This can raise the
+          same exceptions as send and recv.
+
+   fileno()
+          Retrieve the file descriptor number for the underlying socket.
+
+   listen(backlog)
+          Call the listen method of the underlying socket.
+
+   get_app_data()
+          Retrieve application data as set by set_app_data.
+
+   get_cipher_list()
+          Retrieve the list of ciphers used by the Connection object.
+          WARNING: This API has changed. It used to take an optional
+          parameter and just return a string, but not it returns the
+          entire list in one go.
+
+   get_context()
+          Retrieve the Context object associated with this Connection.
+
+   get_peer_certificate()
+          Retrieve the other side's certificate (if any)
+
+   getpeername()
+          Call the getpeername method of the underlying socket.
+
+   getsockname()
+          Call the getsockname method of the underlying socket.
+
+   getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen])
+          Call the getsockopt method of the underlying socket.
+
+   pending()
+          Retrieve the number of bytes that can be safely read from the
+          SSL buffer (not the underlying transport buffer).
+
+   recv(bufsize)
+          Receive data from the Connection. The return value is a string
+          representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be
+          received at once, is specified by bufsize.
+
+   renegotiate()
+          Renegotiate the SSL session. Call this if you wish to change
+          cipher suites or anything like that.
+
+   send(string)
+          Send the string data to the Connection.
+
+   sendall(string)
+          Send all of the string data to the Connection. This calls send
+          repeatedly until all data is sent. If an error occurs, it's
+          impossible to tell how much data has been sent.
+
+   set_accept_state()
+          Set the connection to work in server mode. The handshake will be
+          handled automatically by read/write.
+
+   set_app_data(data)
+          Associate data with this Connection object. data can be
+          retrieved later using the get_app_data method.
+
+   set_connect_state()
+          Set the connection to work in client mode. The handshake will be
+          handled automatically by read/write.
+
+   setblocking(flag)
+          Call the setblocking method of the underlying socket.
+
+   setsockopt(level, optname, value)
+          Call the setsockopt method of the underlying socket.
+
+   shutdown()
+          Send the shutdown message to the Connection. Returns true if the
+          shutdown message exchange is completed and false otherwise (in
+          which case you call recv() or send() when the connection becomes
+          readable/writeable.
+
+   get_shutdown()
+          Get the shutdown state of the Connection. Returns a bitvector of
+          either or both of SENT_SHUTDOWN and RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN.
+
+   set_shutdown(state)
+          Set the shutdown state of the Connection. state is a bitvector
+          of either or both of SENT_SHUTDOWN and RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN.
+
+   sock_shutdown(how)
+          Call the shutdown method of the underlying socket.
+
+   state_string()
+          Retrieve a verbose string detailing the state of the Connection.
+
+   want_read()
+          Checks if more data has to be read from the transport layer to
+          complete an operation.
+
+   want_write()
+          Checks if there is data to write to the transport layer to
+          complete an operation.
+
+
+                                  4 Internals
+
+   We ran into three main problems developing this: Exceptions, callbacks
+   and accessing socket methods. This is what this chapter is about.
+
+
+4.1 Exceptions
+
+   We realized early that most of the exceptions would be raised by the
+   I/O functions of OpenSSL, so it felt natural to mimic OpenSSL's error
+   code system, translating them into Python exceptions. This naturally
+   gives us the exceptions SSL.ZeroReturnError, SSL.WantReadError,
+   SSL.WantWriteError, SSL.WantX509LookupError and SSL.SysCallError.
+
+   For more information about this, see section 3.3.
+
+
+4.2 Callbacks
+
+   There are a number of problems with callbacks. First of all, OpenSSL is
+   written as a C library, it's not meant to have Python callbacks, so a
+   way around that is needed. Another problem is thread support. A lot of
+   the OpenSSL I/O functions can block if the socket is in blocking mode,
+   and then you want other Python threads to be able to do other things.
+   The real trouble is if you've released the global CPython interpreter
+   lock to do a potentially blocking operation, and the operation calls a
+   callback. Then we must take the GIL back, since calling Python APIs
+   without holding it is not allowed.
+
+   There are two solutions to the first problem, both of which are
+   necessary. The first solution to use is if the C callback allows
+   ''userdata'' to be passed to it (an arbitrary pointer normally). This
+   is great! We can set our Python function object as the real userdata
+   and emulate userdata for the Python function in another way. The other
+   solution can be used if an object with an ''app_data'' system always is
+   passed to the callback. For example, the SSL object in OpenSSL has
+   app_data functions and in e.g. the verification callbacks, you can
+   retrieve the related SSL object. What we do is to set our wrapper
+   Connection object as app_data for the SSL object, and we can easily
+   find the Python callback.
+
+   The other problem is solved using thread local variables. Whenever the
+   GIL is released before calling into an OpenSSL API, the PyThreadState
+   pointer returned by PyEval_SaveState is stored in a global thread local
+   variable (using Python's own TLS API, PyThread_set_key_value). When it
+   is necessary to re-acquire the GIL, either after the OpenSSL API
+   returns or in a C callback invoked by that OpenSSL API, the value of
+   the thread local variable is retrieved (PyThread_get_key_value) and
+   used to re-acquire the GIL. This allows Python threads to execute while
+   OpenSSL APIs are running and allows use of any particular pyOpenSSL
+   object from any Python thread, since there is no per-thread state
+   associated with any of these objects and since OpenSSL is threadsafe
+   (as long as properly initialized, as pyOpenSSL initializes it).
+
+
+4.3 Acessing Socket Methods
+
+   We quickly saw the benefit of wrapping socket methods in the
+   SSL.Connection class, for an easy transition into using SSL. The
+   problem here is that the socket module lacks a C API, and all the
+   methods are declared static. One approach would be to have OpenSSL as a
+   submodule to the socket module, placing all the code in socketmodule.c,
+   but this is obviously not a good solution, since you might not want to
+   import tonnes of extra stuff you're not going to use when importing the
+   socket module. The other approach is to somehow get a pointer to the
+   method to be called, either the C function, or a callable Python
+   object. This is not really a good solution either, since there's a lot
+   of lookups involved.
+
+   The way it works is that you have to supply a ``socket-like'' transport
+   object to the SSL.Connection. The only requirement of this object is
+   that it has a fileno() method that returns a file descriptor that's
+   valid at the C level (i.e. you can use the system calls read and
+   write). If you want to use the connect() or accept() methods of the
+   SSL.Connection object, the transport object has to supply such methods
+   too. Apart from them, any method lookups in the SSL.Connection object
+   that fail are passed on to the underlying transport object.
+
+   Future changes might be to allow Python-level transport objects, that
+   instead of having fileno() methods, have read() and write() methods, so
+   more advanced features of Python can be used. This would probably
+   entail some sort of OpenSSL ``BIOs'', but converting Python strings
+   back and forth is expensive, so this shouldn't be used unless
+   necessary. Other nice things would be to be able to pass in different
+   transport objects for reading and writing, but then the fileno() method
+   of SSL.Connection becomes virtually useless. Also, should the method
+   resolution be used on the read-transport or the write-transport?
+
+                            About this document ...
+
+   Python OpenSSL Manual
+
+   This document was generated using the LaTeX2HTML translator.
+
+   LaTeX2HTML is Copyright � 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, Nikos Drakos,
+   Computer Based Learning Unit, University of Leeds, and Copyright �
+   1997, 1998, Ross Moore, Mathematics Department, Macquarie University,
+   Sydney.
+
+   The application of LaTeX2HTML to the Python documentation has been
+   heavily tailored by Fred L. Drake, Jr. Original navigation icons were
+   contributed by Christopher Petrilli.
+     __________________________________________________________________
+
+    Footnotes
+
+   ... M2Crypto^1
+          See http://chandlerproject.org/Projects/MeTooCrypto
+
+   ... Daemon^2
+          See http://www.lothar.com/tech/crypto/
+
+   ... socket^3
+          Actually, all that is required is an object that behaves like a
+          socket, you could even use files, even though it'd be tricky to
+          get the handshakes right!
+     __________________________________________________________________
+
+                            Python OpenSSL Manual
+     __________________________________________________________________
+
+   Release 0.8.