353 

   354 --------------------------------------------------------------------

   355 

   356                 GNU Free Documentation License

   357                   Version 1.2, November 2002

   358 

   359 

   360  Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   361      51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

   362  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

   363  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   364 

   365 

   366 0. PREAMBLE

   367 

   368 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other

   369 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to

   370 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,

   371 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.

   372 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way

   373 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible

   374 for modifications made by others.

   375 

   376 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative

   377 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It

   378 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft

   379 license designed for free software.

   380 

   381 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

   382 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free

   383 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the

   384 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;

   385 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or

   386 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License

   387 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   388 

   389 

   390 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   391 

   392 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

   393 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be

   394 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a

   395 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that

   396 work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,

   397 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a

   398 licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you

   399 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission

   400 under copyright law.

   401 

   402 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

   403 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with

   404 modifications and/or translated into another language.

   405 

   406 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of

   407 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the

   408 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject

   409 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly

   410 within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a

   411 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any

   412 mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical

   413 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

   414 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding

   415 them.

   416 

   417 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles

   418 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice

   419 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a

   420 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not

   421 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero

   422 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant

   423 Sections then there are none.

   424 

   425 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,

   426 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that

   427 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may

   428 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

   429 

   430 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

   431 represented in a format whose specification is available to the

   432 general public, that is suitable for revising the document

   433 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of

   434 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available

   435 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or

   436 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input

   437 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file

   438 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart

   439 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.

   440 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount

   441 of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   442 

   443 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain

   444 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML

   445 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple

   446 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of

   447 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats

   448 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by

   449 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or

   450 processing tools are not generally available, and the

   451 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word

   452 processors for output purposes only.

   453 

   454 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,

   455 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material

   456 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in

   457 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means

   458 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,

   459 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   460 

   461 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose

   462 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following

   463 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a

   464 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",

   465 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"

   466 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a

   467 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

   468 

   469 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

   470 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty

   471 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this

   472 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other

   473 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has

   474 no effect on the meaning of this License.

   475 

   476 

   477 2. VERBATIM COPYING

   478 

   479 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

   480 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the

   481 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies

   482 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other

   483 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use

   484 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further

   485 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept

   486 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough

   487 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   488 

   489 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and

   490 you may publicly display copies.

   491 

   492 

   493 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   494 

   495 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have

   496 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the

   497 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the

   498 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover

   499 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on

   500 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify

   501 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present

   502 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and

   503 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.

   504 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve

   505 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated

   506 as verbatim copying in other respects.

   507 

   508 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit

   509 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit

   510 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent

   511 pages.

   512 

   513 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering

   514 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent

   515 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy

   516 a computer-network location from which the general network-using

   517 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols

   518 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.

   519 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,

   520 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure

   521 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated

   522 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

   523 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that

   524 edition to the public.

   525 

   526 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

   527 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give

   528 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

   529 

   530 

   531 4. MODIFICATIONS

   532 

   533 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under

   534 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release

   535 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified

   536 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution

   537 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy

   538 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   539 

   540 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct

   541    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions

   542    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section

   543    of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version

   544    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

   545 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities

   546    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified

   547    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the

   548    Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),

   549    unless they release you from this requirement.

   550 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the

   551    Modified Version, as the publisher.

   552 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

   553 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications

   554    adjacent to the other copyright notices.

   555 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice

   556    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the

   557    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.

   558 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections

   559    and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

   560 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

   561 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add

   562    to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and

   563    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If

   564    there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one

   565    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as

   566    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

   567    Version as stated in the previous sentence.

   568 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for

   569    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise

   570    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions

   571    it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.

   572    You may omit a network location for a work that was published at

   573    least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

   574    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

   575 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",

   576    Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all

   577    the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements

   578    and/or dedications given therein.

   579 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,

   580    unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers

   581    or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

   582 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section

   583    may not be included in the Modified Version.

   584 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"

   585    or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   586 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

   587 

   588 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or

   589 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material

   590 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all

   591 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the

   592 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.

   593 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   594 

   595 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

   596 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various

   597 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has

   598 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a

   599 standard.

   600 

   601 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

   602 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list

   603 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of

   604 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or

   605 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already

   606 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or

   607 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,

   608 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit

   609 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   610 

   611 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License

   612 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or

   613 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   614 

   615 

   616 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   617 

   618 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

   619 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified

   620 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the

   621 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and

   622 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its

   623 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

   624 

   625 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and

   626 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single

   627 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but

   628 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by

   629 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original

   630 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.

   631 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of

   632 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   633 

   634 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"

   635 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled

   636 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   637 and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections

   638 Entitled "Endorsements".

   639 

   640 

   641 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   642 

   643 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

   644 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this

   645 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in

   646 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for

   647 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

   648 

   649 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute

   650 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this

   651 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all

   652 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

   653 

   654 

   655 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   656 

   657 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate

   658 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or

   659 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright

   660 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights

   661 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.

   662 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not

   663 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves

   664 derivative works of the Document.

   665 

   666 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these

   667 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of

   668 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on

   669 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the

   670 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.

   671 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole

   672 aggregate.

   673 

   674 

   675 8. TRANSLATION

   676 

   677 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may

   678 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.

   679 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special

   680 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include

   681 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the

   682 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a

   683 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the

   684 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include

   685 the original English version of this License and the original versions

   686 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between

   687 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice

   688 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

   689 

   690 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",

   691 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve

   692 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual

   693 title.

   694 

   695 

   696 9. TERMINATION

   697 

   698 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except

   699 as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to

   700 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will

   701 automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,

   702 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this

   703 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such

   704 parties remain in full compliance.

   705 

   706 

   707 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   708 

   709 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions

   710 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new

   711 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may

   712 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See

   713 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   714 

   715 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.

   716 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this

   717 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of

   718 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or

   719 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the

   720 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version

   721 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not

   722 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

   723 

   724 

   725 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

   726 

   727 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of

   728 the License in the document and put the following copyright and

   729 license notices just after the title page:

   730 

   731     Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.

   732     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

   733     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

   734     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

   735     with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

   736     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

   737     Free Documentation License".

   738 

   739 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,

   740 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

   741 

   742     with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

   743     Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

   744 

   745 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other

   746 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the

   747 situation.

   748 

   749 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we

   750 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of

   751 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,

   752 to permit their use in free software.