author | Mike Sullivan <Mike.Sullivan@Oracle.COM> |
Thu, 20 Jan 2011 14:23:47 -0800 | |
changeset 61 | 7684fe2a9eb5 |
child 181 | 87e11e685b1f |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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'\" t |
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.\" |
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.\" modified to reference existing Solaris man pages, and to add note |
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.\" about source availability |
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.\" |
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.PU |
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.TH bzip2 1 |
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.SH NAME |
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bzip2, bunzip2 \- a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.6 |
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.br |
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bzcat \- decompresses files to stdout |
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.br |
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bzip2recover \- recovers data from damaged bzip2 files |
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.SH SYNOPSIS |
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.ll +8 |
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.B bzip2 |
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.RB [ " \-cdfkqstvzVL123456789 " ] |
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[ |
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.I "filenames \&..." |
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] |
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.ll -8 |
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.br |
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.B bunzip2 |
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.RB [ " \-fkvsVL " ] |
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[ |
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.I "filenames \&..." |
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] |
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.br |
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.B bzcat |
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.RB [ " \-s " ] |
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[ |
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.I "filenames \&..." |
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] |
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.br |
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.B bzip2recover |
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.I "filename" |
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.SH DESCRIPTION |
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.I bzip2 |
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compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting |
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text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is |
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generally considerably better than that achieved by more conventional |
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LZ77/LZ78-based compressors, and approaches the performance of the PPM |
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family of statistical compressors. |
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|
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The command-line options are deliberately very similar to |
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those of |
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.I GNU gzip, |
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but they are not identical. |
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|
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.I bzip2 |
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expects a list of file names to accompany the |
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command-line flags. Each file is replaced by a compressed version of |
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itself, with the name "original_name.bz2". |
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Each compressed file |
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has the same modification date, permissions, and, when possible, |
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ownership as the corresponding original, so that these properties can |
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be correctly restored at decompression time. File name handling is |
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naive in the sense that there is no mechanism for preserving original |
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file names, permissions, ownerships or dates in filesystems which lack |
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these concepts, or have serious file name length restrictions, such as |
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MS-DOS. |
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|
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.I bzip2 |
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and |
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.I bunzip2 |
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will by default not overwrite existing |
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files. If you want this to happen, specify the \-f flag. |
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|
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If no file names are specified, |
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.I bzip2 |
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compresses from standard |
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input to standard output. In this case, |
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.I bzip2 |
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will decline to |
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write compressed output to a terminal, as this would be entirely |
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incomprehensible and therefore pointless. |
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|
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.I bunzip2 |
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(or |
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.I bzip2 \-d) |
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decompresses all |
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specified files. Files which were not created by |
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.I bzip2 |
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will be detected and ignored, and a warning issued. |
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.I bzip2 |
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attempts to guess the filename for the decompressed file |
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from that of the compressed file as follows: |
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|
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filename.bz2 becomes filename |
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filename.bz becomes filename |
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filename.tbz2 becomes filename.tar |
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filename.tbz becomes filename.tar |
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anyothername becomes anyothername.out |
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If the file does not end in one of the recognised endings, |
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.I .bz2, |
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.I .bz, |
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.I .tbz2 |
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or |
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.I .tbz, |
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.I bzip2 |
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complains that it cannot |
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guess the name of the original file, and uses the original name |
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with |
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.I .out |
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appended. |
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|
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As with compression, supplying no |
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filenames causes decompression from |
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standard input to standard output. |
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|
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.I bunzip2 |
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will correctly decompress a file which is the |
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concatenation of two or more compressed files. The result is the |
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concatenation of the corresponding uncompressed files. Integrity |
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testing (\-t) |
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of concatenated |
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compressed files is also supported. |
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|
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You can also compress or decompress files to the standard output by |
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giving the \-c flag. Multiple files may be compressed and |
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decompressed like this. The resulting outputs are fed sequentially to |
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stdout. Compression of multiple files |
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in this manner generates a stream |
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containing multiple compressed file representations. Such a stream |
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can be decompressed correctly only by |
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.I bzip2 |
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130 |
version 0.9.0 or |
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later. Earlier versions of |
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132 |
.I bzip2 |
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will stop after decompressing |
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the first file in the stream. |
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|
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.I bzcat |
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137 |
(or |
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138 |
.I bzip2 -dc) |
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decompresses all specified files to |
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the standard output. |
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141 |
|
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142 |
.I bzip2 |
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will read arguments from the environment variables |
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144 |
.I BZIP2 |
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145 |
and |
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146 |
.I BZIP, |
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in that order, and will process them |
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before any arguments read from the command line. This gives a |
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149 |
convenient way to supply default arguments. |
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150 |
|
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151 |
Compression is always performed, even if the compressed |
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file is slightly |
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larger than the original. Files of less than about one hundred bytes |
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154 |
tend to get larger, since the compression mechanism has a constant |
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overhead in the region of 50 bytes. Random data (including the output |
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of most file compressors) is coded at about 8.05 bits per byte, giving |
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an expansion of around 0.5%. |
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158 |
|
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159 |
As a self-check for your protection, |
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160 |
.I |
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161 |
bzip2 |
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162 |
uses 32-bit CRCs to |
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163 |
make sure that the decompressed version of a file is identical to the |
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164 |
original. This guards against corruption of the compressed data, and |
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165 |
against undetected bugs in |
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166 |
.I bzip2 |
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167 |
(hopefully very unlikely). The |
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chances of data corruption going undetected is microscopic, about one |
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169 |
chance in four billion for each file processed. Be aware, though, that |
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the check occurs upon decompression, so it can only tell you that |
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171 |
something is wrong. It can't help you |
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172 |
recover the original uncompressed |
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173 |
data. You can use |
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174 |
.I bzip2recover |
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175 |
to try to recover data from |
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176 |
damaged files. |
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177 |
|
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178 |
Return values: 0 for a normal exit, 1 for environmental problems (file |
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179 |
not found, invalid flags, I/O errors, &c), 2 to indicate a corrupt |
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compressed file, 3 for an internal consistency error (eg, bug) which |
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181 |
caused |
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182 |
.I bzip2 |
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183 |
to panic. |
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184 |
|
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185 |
.SH OPTIONS |
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186 |
.TP |
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187 |
.B \-c --stdout |
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188 |
Compress or decompress to standard output. |
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189 |
.TP |
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190 |
.B \-d --decompress |
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191 |
Force decompression. |
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192 |
.I bzip2, |
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193 |
.I bunzip2 |
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194 |
and |
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195 |
.I bzcat |
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196 |
are |
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197 |
really the same program, and the decision about what actions to take is |
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198 |
done on the basis of which name is used. This flag overrides that |
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199 |
mechanism, and forces |
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200 |
.I bzip2 |
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201 |
to decompress. |
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202 |
.TP |
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203 |
.B \-z --compress |
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204 |
The complement to \-d: forces compression, regardless of the |
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205 |
invocation name. |
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206 |
.TP |
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207 |
.B \-t --test |
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208 |
Check integrity of the specified file(s), but don't decompress them. |
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209 |
This really performs a trial decompression and throws away the result. |
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210 |
.TP |
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211 |
.B \-f --force |
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212 |
Force overwrite of output files. Normally, |
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213 |
.I bzip2 |
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214 |
will not overwrite |
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215 |
existing output files. Also forces |
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216 |
.I bzip2 |
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217 |
to break hard links |
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218 |
to files, which it otherwise wouldn't do. |
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219 |
|
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220 |
bzip2 normally declines to decompress files which don't have the |
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221 |
correct magic header bytes. If forced (-f), however, it will pass |
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222 |
such files through unmodified. This is how GNU gzip behaves. |
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223 |
.TP |
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224 |
.B \-k --keep |
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225 |
Keep (don't delete) input files during compression |
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226 |
or decompression. |
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227 |
.TP |
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228 |
.B \-s --small |
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229 |
Reduce memory usage, for compression, decompression and testing. Files |
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230 |
are decompressed and tested using a modified algorithm which only |
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231 |
requires 2.5 bytes per block byte. This means any file can be |
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232 |
decompressed in 2300k of memory, albeit at about half the normal speed. |
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233 |
|
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234 |
During compression, \-s selects a block size of 200k, which limits |
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235 |
memory use to around the same figure, at the expense of your compression |
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236 |
ratio. In short, if your machine is low on memory (8 megabytes or |
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237 |
less), use \-s for everything. See MEMORY MANAGEMENT below. |
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238 |
.TP |
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239 |
.B \-q --quiet |
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240 |
Suppress non-essential warning messages. Messages pertaining to |
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241 |
I/O errors and other critical events will not be suppressed. |
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242 |
.TP |
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243 |
.B \-v --verbose |
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244 |
Verbose mode -- show the compression ratio for each file processed. |
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245 |
Further \-v's increase the verbosity level, spewing out lots of |
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246 |
information which is primarily of interest for diagnostic purposes. |
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247 |
.TP |
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248 |
.B \-L --license -V --version |
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249 |
Display the software version, license terms and conditions. |
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250 |
.TP |
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251 |
.B \-1 (or \-\-fast) to \-9 (or \-\-best) |
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Set the block size to 100 k, 200 k .. 900 k when compressing. Has no |
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253 |
effect when decompressing. See MEMORY MANAGEMENT below. |
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254 |
The \-\-fast and \-\-best aliases are primarily for GNU gzip |
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255 |
compatibility. In particular, \-\-fast doesn't make things |
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256 |
significantly faster. |
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257 |
And \-\-best merely selects the default behaviour. |
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258 |
.TP |
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259 |
.B \-- |
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260 |
Treats all subsequent arguments as file names, even if they start |
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261 |
with a dash. This is so you can handle files with names beginning |
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262 |
with a dash, for example: bzip2 \-- \-myfilename. |
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263 |
.TP |
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264 |
.B \--repetitive-fast --repetitive-best |
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265 |
These flags are redundant in versions 0.9.5 and above. They provided |
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266 |
some coarse control over the behaviour of the sorting algorithm in |
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267 |
earlier versions, which was sometimes useful. 0.9.5 and above have an |
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268 |
improved algorithm which renders these flags irrelevant. |
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269 |
|
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270 |
.SH MEMORY MANAGEMENT |
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271 |
.I bzip2 |
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272 |
compresses large files in blocks. The block size affects |
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273 |
both the compression ratio achieved, and the amount of memory needed for |
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274 |
compression and decompression. The flags \-1 through \-9 |
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275 |
specify the block size to be 100,000 bytes through 900,000 bytes (the |
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276 |
default) respectively. At decompression time, the block size used for |
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277 |
compression is read from the header of the compressed file, and |
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278 |
.I bunzip2 |
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279 |
then allocates itself just enough memory to decompress |
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280 |
the file. Since block sizes are stored in compressed files, it follows |
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281 |
that the flags \-1 to \-9 are irrelevant to and so ignored |
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282 |
during decompression. |
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283 |
|
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284 |
Compression and decompression requirements, |
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285 |
in bytes, can be estimated as: |
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286 |
|
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287 |
Compression: 400k + ( 8 x block size ) |
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288 |
|
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289 |
Decompression: 100k + ( 4 x block size ), or |
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290 |
100k + ( 2.5 x block size ) |
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291 |
|
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292 |
Larger block sizes give rapidly diminishing marginal returns. Most of |
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293 |
the compression comes from the first two or three hundred k of block |
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294 |
size, a fact worth bearing in mind when using |
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295 |
.I bzip2 |
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296 |
on small machines. |
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297 |
It is also important to appreciate that the decompression memory |
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298 |
requirement is set at compression time by the choice of block size. |
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299 |
|
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300 |
For files compressed with the default 900k block size, |
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301 |
.I bunzip2 |
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302 |
will require about 3700 kbytes to decompress. To support decompression |
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303 |
of any file on a 4 megabyte machine, |
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304 |
.I bunzip2 |
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305 |
has an option to |
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306 |
decompress using approximately half this amount of memory, about 2300 |
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307 |
kbytes. Decompression speed is also halved, so you should use this |
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308 |
option only where necessary. The relevant flag is -s. |
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309 |
|
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310 |
In general, try and use the largest block size memory constraints allow, |
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311 |
since that maximises the compression achieved. Compression and |
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312 |
decompression speed are virtually unaffected by block size. |
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313 |
|
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314 |
Another significant point applies to files which fit in a single block |
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315 |
-- that means most files you'd encounter using a large block size. The |
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316 |
amount of real memory touched is proportional to the size of the file, |
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317 |
since the file is smaller than a block. For example, compressing a file |
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318 |
20,000 bytes long with the flag -9 will cause the compressor to |
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|
319 |
allocate around 7600k of memory, but only touch 400k + 20000 * 8 = 560 |
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|
320 |
kbytes of it. Similarly, the decompressor will allocate 3700k but only |
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|
321 |
touch 100k + 20000 * 4 = 180 kbytes. |
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322 |
|
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323 |
Here is a table which summarises the maximum memory usage for different |
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|
324 |
block sizes. Also recorded is the total compressed size for 14 files of |
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|
325 |
the Calgary Text Compression Corpus totalling 3,141,622 bytes. This |
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|
326 |
column gives some feel for how compression varies with block size. |
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|
327 |
These figures tend to understate the advantage of larger block sizes for |
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|
328 |
larger files, since the Corpus is dominated by smaller files. |
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329 |
|
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330 |
Compress Decompress Decompress Corpus |
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|
331 |
Flag usage usage -s usage Size |
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|
332 |
|
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|
333 |
-1 1200k 500k 350k 914704 |
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334 |
-2 2000k 900k 600k 877703 |
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335 |
-3 2800k 1300k 850k 860338 |
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336 |
-4 3600k 1700k 1100k 846899 |
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337 |
-5 4400k 2100k 1350k 845160 |
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338 |
-6 5200k 2500k 1600k 838626 |
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339 |
-7 6100k 2900k 1850k 834096 |
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340 |
-8 6800k 3300k 2100k 828642 |
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341 |
-9 7600k 3700k 2350k 828642 |
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342 |
|
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343 |
.SH RECOVERING DATA FROM DAMAGED FILES |
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344 |
.I bzip2 |
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|
345 |
compresses files in blocks, usually 900kbytes long. Each |
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|
346 |
block is handled independently. If a media or transmission error causes |
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|
347 |
a multi-block .bz2 |
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348 |
file to become damaged, it may be possible to |
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349 |
recover data from the undamaged blocks in the file. |
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350 |
|
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|
351 |
The compressed representation of each block is delimited by a 48-bit |
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|
352 |
pattern, which makes it possible to find the block boundaries with |
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353 |
reasonable certainty. Each block also carries its own 32-bit CRC, so |
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|
354 |
damaged blocks can be distinguished from undamaged ones. |
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|
355 |
|
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356 |
.I bzip2recover |
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357 |
is a simple program whose purpose is to search for |
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358 |
blocks in .bz2 files, and write each block out into its own .bz2 |
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359 |
file. You can then use |
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|
360 |
.I bzip2 |
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|
361 |
\-t |
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|
362 |
to test the |
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|
363 |
integrity of the resulting files, and decompress those which are |
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|
364 |
undamaged. |
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|
365 |
|
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366 |
.I bzip2recover |
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367 |
takes a single argument, the name of the damaged file, |
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368 |
and writes a number of files "rec00001file.bz2", |
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369 |
"rec00002file.bz2", etc, containing the extracted blocks. |
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|
370 |
The output filenames are designed so that the use of |
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|
371 |
wildcards in subsequent processing -- for example, |
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|
372 |
"bzip2 -dc rec*file.bz2 > recovered_data" -- processes the files in |
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|
373 |
the correct order. |
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|
374 |
|
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375 |
.I bzip2recover |
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376 |
should be of most use dealing with large .bz2 |
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|
377 |
files, as these will contain many blocks. It is clearly |
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378 |
futile to use it on damaged single-block files, since a |
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379 |
damaged block cannot be recovered. If you wish to minimise |
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|
380 |
any potential data loss through media or transmission errors, |
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|
381 |
you might consider compressing with a smaller |
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|
382 |
block size. |
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|
383 |
|
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|
384 |
.SH PERFORMANCE NOTES |
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385 |
The sorting phase of compression gathers together similar strings in the |
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|
386 |
file. Because of this, files containing very long runs of repeated |
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|
387 |
symbols, like "aabaabaabaab ..." (repeated several hundred times) may |
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|
388 |
compress more slowly than normal. Versions 0.9.5 and above fare much |
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|
389 |
better than previous versions in this respect. The ratio between |
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|
390 |
worst-case and average-case compression time is in the region of 10:1. |
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|
391 |
For previous versions, this figure was more like 100:1. You can use the |
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|
392 |
\-vvvv option to monitor progress in great detail, if you want. |
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|
393 |
|
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|
394 |
Decompression speed is unaffected by these phenomena. |
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|
395 |
|
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|
396 |
.I bzip2 |
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|
397 |
usually allocates several megabytes of memory to operate |
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|
398 |
in, and then charges all over it in a fairly random fashion. This means |
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|
399 |
that performance, both for compressing and decompressing, is largely |
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|
400 |
determined by the speed at which your machine can service cache misses. |
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|
401 |
Because of this, small changes to the code to reduce the miss rate have |
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|
402 |
been observed to give disproportionately large performance improvements. |
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|
403 |
I imagine |
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parents:
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changeset
|
404 |
.I bzip2 |
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parents:
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changeset
|
405 |
will perform best on machines with very large caches. |
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|
406 |
|
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|
407 |
.SH CAVEATS |
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changeset
|
408 |
I/O error messages are not as helpful as they could be. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
409 |
.I bzip2 |
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parents:
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|
410 |
tries hard to detect I/O errors and exit cleanly, but the details of |
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|
411 |
what the problem is sometimes seem rather misleading. |
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|
412 |
|
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|
413 |
This manual page pertains to version 1.0.6 of |
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|
414 |
.I bzip2. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
415 |
Compressed data created by this version is entirely forwards and |
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changeset
|
416 |
backwards compatible with the previous public releases, versions |
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|
417 |
0.1pl2, 0.9.0, 0.9.5, 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.2 and above, but with the following |
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|
418 |
exception: 0.9.0 and above can correctly decompress multiple |
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parents:
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|
419 |
concatenated compressed files. 0.1pl2 cannot do this; it will stop |
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|
420 |
after decompressing just the first file in the stream. |
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changeset
|
421 |
|
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|
422 |
.I bzip2recover |
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|
423 |
versions prior to 1.0.2 used 32-bit integers to represent |
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|
424 |
bit positions in compressed files, so they could not handle compressed |
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|
425 |
files more than 512 megabytes long. Versions 1.0.2 and above use |
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|
426 |
64-bit ints on some platforms which support them (GNU supported |
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|
427 |
targets, and Windows). To establish whether or not bzip2recover was |
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|
428 |
built with such a limitation, run it without arguments. In any event |
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parents:
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changeset
|
429 |
you can build yourself an unlimited version if you can recompile it |
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parents:
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changeset
|
430 |
with MaybeUInt64 set to be an unsigned 64-bit integer. |
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changeset
|
431 |
|
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changeset
|
432 |
|
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changeset
|
433 |
|
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changeset
|
434 |
.SH AUTHOR |
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parents:
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changeset
|
435 |
Julian Seward, jsewardbzip.org. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
436 |
|
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changeset
|
437 |
http://www.bzip.org |
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changeset
|
438 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
439 |
The ideas embodied in |
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parents:
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changeset
|
440 |
.I bzip2 |
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parents:
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changeset
|
441 |
are due to (at least) the following |
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parents:
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changeset
|
442 |
people: Michael Burrows and David Wheeler (for the block sorting |
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parents:
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changeset
|
443 |
transformation), David Wheeler (again, for the Huffman coder), Peter |
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parents:
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changeset
|
444 |
Fenwick (for the structured coding model in the original |
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parents:
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changeset
|
445 |
.I bzip, |
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parents:
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changeset
|
446 |
and many refinements), and Alistair Moffat, Radford Neal and Ian Witten |
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parents:
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changeset
|
447 |
(for the arithmetic coder in the original |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
448 |
.I bzip). |
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Mike Sullivan <Mike.Sullivan@Oracle.COM>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
449 |
I am much |
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parents:
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changeset
|
450 |
indebted for their help, support and advice. See the manual in the |
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parents:
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changeset
|
451 |
source distribution for pointers to sources of documentation. Christian |
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parents:
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changeset
|
452 |
von Roques encouraged me to look for faster sorting algorithms, so as to |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
453 |
speed up compression. Bela Lubkin encouraged me to improve the |
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parents:
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changeset
|
454 |
worst-case compression performance. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
455 |
Donna Robinson XMLised the documentation. |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
456 |
The bz* scripts are derived from those of GNU gzip. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
457 |
Many people sent patches, helped |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
458 |
with portability problems, lent machines, gave advice and were generally |
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parents:
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changeset
|
459 |
helpful. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
460 |
.SH ATTRIBUTES |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
461 |
See |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
462 |
.BR attributes (5) |
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parents:
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changeset
|
463 |
for descriptions of the following attributes: |
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parents:
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changeset
|
464 |
.sp |
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parents:
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changeset
|
465 |
.TS |
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parents:
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changeset
|
466 |
box; |
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parents:
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changeset
|
467 |
cbp-1 | cbp-1 |
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parents:
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changeset
|
468 |
l | l . |
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parents:
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changeset
|
469 |
ATTRIBUTE TYPE ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
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parents:
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changeset
|
470 |
= |
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parents:
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changeset
|
471 |
Availability compress/bzip2 |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
472 |
= |
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parents:
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changeset
|
473 |
Interface Stability Committed |
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parents:
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changeset
|
474 |
.TE |
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parents:
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changeset
|
475 |
.PP |
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parents:
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changeset
|
476 |
.SH NOTES |
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parents:
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changeset
|
477 |
Source for bzip2 is available on http://opensolaris.org. |