PSARC/2014/362 Jansson
19903653 Jansson - C library for working with JSON should be added to Userland
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<div class="section" id="tutorial">
<span id="id1"></span><h1>Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>In this tutorial, we create a program that fetches the latest commits
of a repository in <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> over the web. <a class="reference external" href="http://developer.github.com/">GitHub API</a> uses JSON, so
the result can be parsed using Jansson.</p>
<p>To stick to the the scope of this tutorial, we will only cover the the
parts of the program related to handling JSON data. For the best user
experience, the full source code is available:
<a class="reference download internal" href="_downloads/github_commits.c"><tt class="xref download docutils literal"><span class="pre">github_commits.c</span></tt></a>. To compile it (on Unix-like systems with
gcc), use the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">gcc</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="n">github_commits</span> <span class="n">github_commits</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">ljansson</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">lcurl</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://curl.haxx.se/">libcurl</a> is used to communicate over the web, so it is required to
compile the program.</p>
<p>The command line syntax is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">github_commits</span> <span class="n">USER</span> <span class="n">REPOSITORY</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">USER</span></tt> is a GitHub user ID and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">REPOSITORY</span></tt> is the repository
name. Please note that the GitHub API is rate limited, so if you run
the program too many times within a short period of time, the sever
starts to respond with an error.</p>
<div class="section" id="the-github-repo-commits-api">
<span id="tutorial-github-commits-api"></span><h2>The GitHub Repo Commits API<a class="headerlink" href="#the-github-repo-commits-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="http://developer.github.com/v3/repos/commits/">GitHub Repo Commits API</a> is used by sending HTTP requests to
URLs like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">https://api.github.com/repos/USER/REPOSITORY/commits</span></tt>,
where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">USER</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">REPOSITORY</span></tt> are the GitHub user ID and the name
of the repository whose commits are to be listed, respectively.</p>
<p>GitHub responds with a JSON array of the following form:</p>
<div class="highlight-none"><div class="highlight"><pre>[
{
"sha": "<the commit ID>",
"commit": {
"message": "<the commit message>",
<more fields, not important to this tutorial...>
},
<more fields...>
},
{
"sha": "<the commit ID>",
"commit": {
"message": "<the commit message>",
<more fields...>
},
<more fields...>
},
<more commits...>
]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In our program, the HTTP request is sent using the following
function:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>It takes the URL as a parameter, preforms a HTTP GET request, and
returns a newly allocated string that contains the response body. If
the request fails, an error message is printed to stderr and the
return value is <em>NULL</em>. For full details, refer to <a class="reference download internal" href="_downloads/github_commits.c"><tt class="xref download docutils literal"><span class="pre">the</span> <span class="pre">code</span></tt></a>, as the actual implementation is not important
here.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-program">
<span id="tutorial-the-program"></span><h2>The Program<a class="headerlink" href="#the-program" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>First the includes:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#include <string.h></span>
<span class="cp">#include <jansson.h></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Like all the programs using Jansson, we need to include
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">jansson.h</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The following definitions are used to build the GitHub API request
URL:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cp">#define URL_FORMAT "https:</span><span class="c1">//api.github.com/repos/%s/%s/commits"</span>
<span class="cp">#define URL_SIZE 256</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The following function is used when formatting the result to find the
first newline in the commit message:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="cm">/* Return the offset of the first newline in text or the length of</span>
<span class="cm"> text if there's no newline */</span>
<span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">newline_offset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">newline</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">strchr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="sc">'\n'</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">newline</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">strlen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">else</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">newline</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The main function follows. In the beginning, we first declare a bunch
of variables and check the command line parameters:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[])</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">URL_SIZE</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="kt">json_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">json_error_t</span> <span class="n">error</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argc</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"usage: %s USER REPOSITORY</span><span class="se">\n\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"List commits at USER's REPOSITORY.</span><span class="se">\n\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then we build the request URL using the user and repository names
given as command line parameters:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">snprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">URL_SIZE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">URL_FORMAT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This uses the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">URL_SIZE</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">URL_FORMAT</span></tt> constants defined above.
Now we’re ready to actually request the JSON data over the web:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If an error occurs, our function <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">request</span></tt> prints the error and
returns <em>NULL</em>, so it’s enough to just return 1 from the main
function.</p>
<p>Next we’ll call <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_loads" title="json_loads"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_loads()</span></tt></a> to decode the JSON text we got
as a response:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">root</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"error: on line %d: %s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">error</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">error</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We don’t need the JSON text anymore, so we can free the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">text</span></tt>
variable right after decoding it. If <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_loads" title="json_loads"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_loads()</span></tt></a> fails, it
returns <em>NULL</em> and sets error information to the <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_error_t" title="json_error_t"><tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_error_t</span></tt></a>
structure given as the second parameter. In this case, our program
prints the error information out and returns 1 from the main function.</p>
<p>Now we’re ready to extract the data out of the decoded JSON response.
The structure of the response JSON was explained in section
<a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial-github-commits-api"><em>The GitHub Repo Commits API</em></a>.</p>
<p>We check that the returned value really is an array:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">json_is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"error: root is not an array</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">json_decref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then we proceed to loop over all the commits in the array:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">json_array_size</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">json_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">sha</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">message_text</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_array_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">json_is_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"error: commit data %d is not an object</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">json_decref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The function <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_array_size" title="json_array_size"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_array_size()</span></tt></a> returns the size of a JSON
array. First, we again declare some variables and then extract the
i’th element of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">root</span></tt> array using <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_array_get" title="json_array_get"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_array_get()</span></tt></a>.
We also check that the resulting value is a JSON object.</p>
<p>Next we’ll extract the commit ID (a hexadecimal SHA-1 sum),
intermediate commit info object, and the commit message from that
object. We also do proper type checks:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="n">sha</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_object_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"sha"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">json_is_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sha</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"error: commit %d: sha is not a string</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">json_decref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">commit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_object_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"commit"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">json_is_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"error: commit %d: commit is not an object</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">json_decref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_object_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"message"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">json_is_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">fprintf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stderr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"error: commit %d: message is not a string</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">json_decref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And finally, we’ll print the first 8 characters of the commit ID and
the first line of the commit message. A C-style string is extracted
from a JSON string using <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_string_value" title="json_string_value"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_string_value()</span></tt></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="n">message_text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json_string_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"%.8s %.*s</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">json_string_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">newline_offset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message_text</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">message_text</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>After sending the HTTP request, we decoded the JSON text using
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_loads" title="json_loads"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_loads()</span></tt></a>, remember? It returns a <em>new reference</em> to the
JSON value it decodes. When we’re finished with the value, we’ll need
to decrease the reference count using <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#c.json_decref" title="json_decref"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">json_decref()</span></tt></a>. This way
Jansson can release the resources:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">json_decref</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">root</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For a detailed explanation of reference counting in Jansson, see
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#apiref-reference-count"><em>Reference Count</em></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#apiref"><em>API Reference</em></a>.</p>
<p>The program’s ready, let’s test it and view the latest commits in
Jansson’s repository:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ ./github_commits akheron jansson
1581f26a Merge branch '2.3'
aabfd493 load: Change buffer_pos to be a size_t
bd72efbd load: Avoid unexpected behaviour in macro expansion
e8fd3e30 Document and tweak json_load_callback()
873eddaf Merge pull request #60 from rogerz/contrib
bd2c0c73 Ignore the binary test_load_callback
17a51a4b Merge branch '2.3'
09c39adc Add json_load_callback to the list of exported symbols
cbb80baf Merge pull request #57 from rogerz/contrib
040bd7b0 Add json_load_callback()
2637faa4 Make test stripping locale independent
<...>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="conclusion">
<h2>Conclusion<a class="headerlink" href="#conclusion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In this tutorial, we implemented a program that fetches the latest
commits of a GitHub repository using the GitHub Repo Commits API.
Jansson was used to decode the JSON response and to extract the commit
data.</p>
<p>This tutorial only covered a small part of Jansson. For example, we
did not create or manipulate JSON values at all. Proceed to
<a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#apiref"><em>API Reference</em></a> to explore all features of Jansson.</p>
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