# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of

# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,

# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to

# [email protected] for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):

#

# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is

# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),

# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).

#

# Gwillim Law writes that a good source

# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport

# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),

# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries

# of the IATA's data after 1990.

#

# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for

# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.

#

# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,

# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which

# I found in the UCLA library.

#

# For data circa 1899, a common source is:

# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94

# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.

#

# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is

# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

#

# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT

# for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,

# but Mark R V Murray reports that

#

# I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,

# and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.

# This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African

# mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.

#

# To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:

#	-1:00	WAT	West Africa Time (no longer used)

#	 0:00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time

#	 2:00	CAT	Central Africa Time

#	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time

# and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:

#	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time

# for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of

# until we get more information.

#

# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!

#	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time

#	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)

#	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)

#	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)

#	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)

#	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time

#	 4:00	EAST	East Africa Summer Time (no longer used)

# Algeria

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Jun	21	23:00s	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Sep	11	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 1:00	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Apr	25	23:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Sep	26	23:00s	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-

Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-

# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's

# more precise 0:09:21.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01

			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time

			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25 2:00

			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7

			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29

			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14

			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1977 Oct 21

			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1979 Oct 26

			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1981 May

			1:00	-	CET

# Angola

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892

			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time

			1:00	-	WAT

# Benin

# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912

			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26

			1:00	-	WAT

# Botswana

# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):

# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;

# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885

			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar

			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19 2:00

			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00

			2:00	-	CAT

# Burkina Faso

# Burundi

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890

			2:00	-	CAT

# Cameroon

# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912

			1:00	-	WAT

# Cape Verde

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907			# Praia

			-2:00	-	CVT	1942 Sep

			-2:00	1:00	CVST	1945 Oct 15

			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25 2:00

			-1:00	-	CVT

# Central African Republic

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912

			1:00	-	WAT

# Chad

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14

			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8

			1:00	-	WAT

# Comoros

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul   # Moroni, Gran Comoro

			3:00	-	EAT

# Democratic Republic of Congo

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9

			1:00	-	WAT

Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9

			2:00	-	CAT

# Republic of the Congo

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912

			1:00	-	WAT

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912

			 0:00	-	GMT

# Djibouti

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul

			3:00	-	EAT

###############################################################################

# Egypt

# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh

# observatory; round to nearest.  Milne also says that the official time for

# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this

# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1942	1944	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1942	only	-	Oct	27	0:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1943	1945	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1959	1981	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1966	1994	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	1982	only	-	Jul	25	1:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S

# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.

# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):

# "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight

# saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of

# Egyptians would approve the cancellation."

#

# Egypt to cancel daylight saving time

# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168

# or

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html

Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-

# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):

# The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:

# Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday

# after observing the daylight saving time since May.

# http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf

Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-

# From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):

# I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight

# saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.

# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm

# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:

# http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm

Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-

# From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):

# Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter

# than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each

# year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite

# hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by

# shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,

# unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.

# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):

# For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.

# From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):

# The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):

#

# > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009

# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =

# Apr 23

# > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200

# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =

# Apr 24

# > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800

# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =

# Aug 27

# > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800

# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =

# Aug 27

# > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200

#

# > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=

# :59)

# > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/

#

# timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.

#

# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):

# In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth

# Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday

# in September.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):

# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet

# Information and Decision Support Center:

# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html

#

# The Middle East News Agency

# http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx

# also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"

# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."

# Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,

# and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine

# (at least today).

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):

# decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during

# Ramadan.

#

# Arabic translation:

# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html

# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):

# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15

# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx

# From Gunther Vermier (2015-05-13):

# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)

# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):

# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes

# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at

# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...

# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...

# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to

# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,

# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,

# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve

# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been

# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...

# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258

# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):

# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says

# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited

# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is

# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:

# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833

#

# For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use

# 2010's rules, and guess that Egypt will switch to standard time at

# 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 00:00 the

# first Friday after Ramadan.  To implement this,

# transition dates for 2015 through 2037 were determined by running

# the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the results integrated

# by hand into the table below.  Ramadan again intrudes on the guessed

# DST starting in 2038, but that's beyond our somewhat-arbitrary cutoff.

# (let ((islamic-year 1436))

#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)

#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))

#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))

#           (friday 5))

#       (while (/= friday (mod a 7))

#         (setq a (1- a)))

#       (while (/= friday (mod b 7))

#         (setq b (1+ b)))

#       (setq a (1- a))

#       (setq b (1- b))

#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))

#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))

#       (insert

#        (format

#         (concat "Rule\tEgypt\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"

#                 "Rule\tEgypt\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\tS\n")

#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))

#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))

#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))

Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2014	max	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2015	2019	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2015	only	-	Jun	11	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2015	only	-	Jul	23	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2016	only	-	Jun	 2	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2016	only	-	Jul	 7	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2017	only	-	May	25	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2017	only	-	Jun	29	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2018	only	-	May	10	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2018	only	-	Jun	14	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2019	only	-	May	 2	24:00	0	-

Rule	Egypt	2019	only	-	Jun	 6	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2020	only	-	May	28	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2021	only	-	May	13	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2022	only	-	May	 5	24:00	1:00	S

Rule	Egypt	2023	max	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct

			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT

# Equatorial Guinea

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912

			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15

			1:00	-	WAT

# Eritrea

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870

			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890	      # Asmara Mean Time

			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT

			3:00	-	EAT

# Ethiopia

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870

			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May 5    # Adis Dera MT

			3:00	-	EAT

# Gabon

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912

			1:00	-	WAT

# Gambia

# Ghana

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918

			 0:00	Ghana	%s

# Guinea

# Guinea-Bissau

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 May 26

			-1:00	-	WAT	1975

			 0:00	-	GMT

# Kenya

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul

			3:00	-	EAT	1930

			2:30	-	BEAT	1940

			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960

			3:00	-	EAT

# Lesotho

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar

			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19 2:00

			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19 2:00

			2:00	-	SAST

# Liberia

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch

# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.

# Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.

# Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

# For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and

# Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882

			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time

			-0:44:30 -	LRT	1972 May # Liberia Time

			 0:00	-	GMT

###############################################################################

# Libya

# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):

# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.

# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/

# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc

#

# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in

# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html

#

# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):

# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.

# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe